z3++.h File Reference

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Data Structures
class	exception
	Exception used to sign API usage errors. More...
class	config
	Z3 global configuration object. More...
class	context
	A Context manages all other Z3 objects, global configuration options, etc. More...
class	array< T >
class	object
class	symbol
class	param_descrs
class	params
class	ast
class	ast_vector_tpl< T >
class	ast_vector_tpl< T >::iterator
class	sort
	A Z3 sort (aka type). Every expression (i.e., formula or term) in Z3 has a sort. More...
class	func_decl
	Function declaration (aka function definition). It is the signature of interpreted and uninterpreted functions in Z3. The basic building block in Z3 is the function application. More...
class	parser_context
class	expr
	A Z3 expression is used to represent formulas and terms. For Z3, a formula is any expression of sort Boolean. Every expression has a sort. More...
class	expr::iterator
class	cast_ast< ast >
class	cast_ast< expr >
class	cast_ast< sort >
class	cast_ast< func_decl >
class	func_entry
class	func_interp
class	model
struct	model::translate
class	stats
class	parameter
	class for auxiliary parameters associated with func_decl The class is initialized with a func_decl or application expression and an index The accessor get_expr, get_sort, ... is available depending on the value of kind(). The caller is responsible to check that the kind of the parameter aligns with the call (get_expr etc). More...
class	solver
struct	solver::simple
struct	solver::translate
class	solver::cube_iterator
class	solver::cube_generator
class	goal
class	apply_result
class	tactic
class	simplifier
class	probe
class	optimize
struct	optimize::translate
class	optimize::handle
class	fixedpoint
class	constructor_list
class	constructors
class	on_clause
class	user_propagator_base
class	rcf_num
	Wrapper for Z3 Real Closed Field (RCF) numerals. More...

Namespaces
namespace	z3
	Z3 C++ namespace.

Macros
#define	Z3_THROW(x)   {}
#define	_Z3_MK_BIN_(a, b, binop)
#define	_Z3_MK_UN_(a, mkun)
#define	MK_EXPR1(_fn, _arg)
#define	MK_EXPR2(_fn, _arg1, _arg2)

Typedefs
typedef ast_vector_tpl< ast >	ast_vector
typedef ast_vector_tpl< expr >	expr_vector
typedef ast_vector_tpl< sort >	sort_vector
typedef ast_vector_tpl< func_decl >	func_decl_vector
typedef std::function< void(expr const &proof, std::vector< unsigned > const &deps, expr_vector const &clause)>	on_clause_eh_t

Enumerations
enum	check_result { unsat , sat , unknown }
enum	rounding_mode {   RNA , RNE , RTP , RTN ,   RTZ }

Functions
void	set_param (char const *param, char const *value)
void	set_param (char const *param, bool value)
void	set_param (char const *param, int value)
void	reset_params ()
void	get_version (unsigned &major, unsigned &minor, unsigned &build_number, unsigned &revision_number)
	Return Z3 version number information.
std::string	get_full_version ()
	Return a string that fully describes the version of Z3 in use.
void	enable_trace (char const *tag)
	Enable tracing messages tagged as tag when Z3 is compiled in debug mode. It is a NOOP otherwise.
void	disable_trace (char const *tag)
	Disable tracing messages tagged as tag when Z3 is compiled in debug mode. It is a NOOP otherwise.
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, exception const &e)
check_result	to_check_result (Z3_lbool l)
void	check_context (object const &a, object const &b)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, symbol const &s)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, param_descrs const &d)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, params const &p)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, ast const &n)
bool	eq (ast const &a, ast const &b)
expr	select (expr const &a, expr const &i)
	forward declarations
expr	select (expr const &a, expr_vector const &i)
expr	implies (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	implies (expr const &a, bool b)
expr	implies (bool a, expr const &b)
expr	pw (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	pw (expr const &a, int b)
expr	pw (int a, expr const &b)
expr	mod (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	mod (expr const &a, int b)
expr	mod (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator% (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator% (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator% (int a, expr const &b)
expr	rem (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	rem (expr const &a, int b)
expr	rem (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator! (expr const &a)
expr	is_int (expr const &e)
expr	operator&& (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator&& (expr const &a, bool b)
expr	operator&& (bool a, expr const &b)
expr	operator|| (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator|| (expr const &a, bool b)
expr	operator|| (bool a, expr const &b)
expr	operator== (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator== (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator== (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator== (expr const &a, double b)
expr	operator== (double a, expr const &b)
expr	operator!= (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator!= (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator!= (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator!= (expr const &a, double b)
expr	operator!= (double a, expr const &b)
expr	operator+ (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator+ (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator+ (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator* (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator* (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator* (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator>= (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator/ (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator/ (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator/ (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator- (expr const &a)
expr	operator- (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator- (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator- (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator<= (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator<= (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator<= (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator>= (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator>= (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator< (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator< (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator< (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator> (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator> (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator> (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator& (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator& (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator& (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator^ (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator^ (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator^ (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator| (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator| (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator| (int a, expr const &b)
expr	nand (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	nor (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	xnor (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	min (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	max (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	bvredor (expr const &a)
expr	bvredand (expr const &a)
expr	abs (expr const &a)
expr	sqrt (expr const &a, expr const &rm)
expr	fp_eq (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator~ (expr const &a)
expr	fma (expr const &a, expr const &b, expr const &c, expr const &rm)
expr	fpa_fp (expr const &sgn, expr const &exp, expr const &sig)
expr	fpa_to_sbv (expr const &t, unsigned sz)
expr	fpa_to_ubv (expr const &t, unsigned sz)
expr	sbv_to_fpa (expr const &t, sort s)
expr	ubv_to_fpa (expr const &t, sort s)
expr	fpa_to_fpa (expr const &t, sort s)
expr	round_fpa_to_closest_integer (expr const &t)
expr	ite (expr const &c, expr const &t, expr const &e)
	Create the if-then-else expression ite(c, t, e)
expr	to_expr (context &c, Z3_ast a)
	Wraps a Z3_ast as an expr object. It also checks for errors. This function allows the user to use the whole C API with the C++ layer defined in this file.
sort	to_sort (context &c, Z3_sort s)
func_decl	to_func_decl (context &c, Z3_func_decl f)
expr	sle (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	signed less than or equal to operator for bitvectors.
expr	sle (expr const &a, int b)
expr	sle (int a, expr const &b)
expr	slt (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	signed less than operator for bitvectors.
expr	slt (expr const &a, int b)
expr	slt (int a, expr const &b)
expr	sge (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	signed greater than or equal to operator for bitvectors.
expr	sge (expr const &a, int b)
expr	sge (int a, expr const &b)
expr	sgt (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	signed greater than operator for bitvectors.
expr	sgt (expr const &a, int b)
expr	sgt (int a, expr const &b)
expr	ule (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	unsigned less than or equal to operator for bitvectors.
expr	ule (expr const &a, int b)
expr	ule (int a, expr const &b)
expr	ult (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	unsigned less than operator for bitvectors.
expr	ult (expr const &a, int b)
expr	ult (int a, expr const &b)
expr	uge (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	unsigned greater than or equal to operator for bitvectors.
expr	uge (expr const &a, int b)
expr	uge (int a, expr const &b)
expr	ugt (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	unsigned greater than operator for bitvectors.
expr	ugt (expr const &a, int b)
expr	ugt (int a, expr const &b)
expr	sdiv (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	signed division operator for bitvectors.
expr	sdiv (expr const &a, int b)
expr	sdiv (int a, expr const &b)
expr	udiv (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	unsigned division operator for bitvectors.
expr	udiv (expr const &a, int b)
expr	udiv (int a, expr const &b)
expr	srem (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	signed remainder operator for bitvectors
expr	srem (expr const &a, int b)
expr	srem (int a, expr const &b)
expr	smod (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	signed modulus operator for bitvectors
expr	smod (expr const &a, int b)
expr	smod (int a, expr const &b)
expr	urem (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	unsigned reminder operator for bitvectors
expr	urem (expr const &a, int b)
expr	urem (int a, expr const &b)
expr	shl (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	shift left operator for bitvectors
expr	shl (expr const &a, int b)
expr	shl (int a, expr const &b)
expr	lshr (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	logic shift right operator for bitvectors
expr	lshr (expr const &a, int b)
expr	lshr (int a, expr const &b)
expr	ashr (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	arithmetic shift right operator for bitvectors
expr	ashr (expr const &a, int b)
expr	ashr (int a, expr const &b)
expr	zext (expr const &a, unsigned i)
	Extend the given bit-vector with zeros to the (unsigned) equivalent bitvector of size m+i, where m is the size of the given bit-vector.
expr	bv2int (expr const &a, bool is_signed)
	bit-vector and integer conversions.
expr	int2bv (unsigned n, expr const &a)
expr	bvadd_no_overflow (expr const &a, expr const &b, bool is_signed)
	bit-vector overflow/underflow checks
expr	bvadd_no_underflow (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	bvsub_no_overflow (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	bvsub_no_underflow (expr const &a, expr const &b, bool is_signed)
expr	bvsdiv_no_overflow (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	bvneg_no_overflow (expr const &a)
expr	bvmul_no_overflow (expr const &a, expr const &b, bool is_signed)
expr	bvmul_no_underflow (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	sext (expr const &a, unsigned i)
	Sign-extend of the given bit-vector to the (signed) equivalent bitvector of size m+i, where m is the size of the given bit-vector.
func_decl	linear_order (sort const &a, unsigned index)
func_decl	partial_order (sort const &a, unsigned index)
func_decl	piecewise_linear_order (sort const &a, unsigned index)
func_decl	tree_order (sort const &a, unsigned index)
expr_vector	polynomial_subresultants (expr const &p, expr const &q, expr const &x)
	Return the nonzero subresultants of p and q with respect to the "variable" x.
expr	forall (expr const &x, expr const &b)
expr	forall (expr const &x1, expr const &x2, expr const &b)
expr	forall (expr const &x1, expr const &x2, expr const &x3, expr const &b)
expr	forall (expr const &x1, expr const &x2, expr const &x3, expr const &x4, expr const &b)
expr	forall (expr_vector const &xs, expr const &b)
expr	exists (expr const &x, expr const &b)
expr	exists (expr const &x1, expr const &x2, expr const &b)
expr	exists (expr const &x1, expr const &x2, expr const &x3, expr const &b)
expr	exists (expr const &x1, expr const &x2, expr const &x3, expr const &x4, expr const &b)
expr	exists (expr_vector const &xs, expr const &b)
expr	lambda (expr const &x, expr const &b)
expr	lambda (expr const &x1, expr const &x2, expr const &b)
expr	lambda (expr const &x1, expr const &x2, expr const &x3, expr const &b)
expr	lambda (expr const &x1, expr const &x2, expr const &x3, expr const &x4, expr const &b)
expr	lambda (expr_vector const &xs, expr const &b)
expr	pble (expr_vector const &es, int const *coeffs, int bound)
expr	pbge (expr_vector const &es, int const *coeffs, int bound)
expr	pbeq (expr_vector const &es, int const *coeffs, int bound)
expr	atmost (expr_vector const &es, unsigned bound)
expr	atleast (expr_vector const &es, unsigned bound)
expr	sum (expr_vector const &args)
expr	distinct (expr_vector const &args)
expr	concat (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	concat (expr_vector const &args)
expr	map (expr const &f, expr const &list)
expr	mapi (expr const &f, expr const &i, expr const &list)
expr	foldl (expr const &f, expr const &a, expr const &list)
expr	foldli (expr const &f, expr const &i, expr const &a, expr const &list)
expr	mk_or (expr_vector const &args)
expr	mk_and (expr_vector const &args)
expr	mk_xor (expr_vector const &args)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, model const &m)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, stats const &s)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, check_result r)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, solver const &s)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, goal const &g)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, apply_result const &r)
tactic	operator& (tactic const &t1, tactic const &t2)
tactic	operator| (tactic const &t1, tactic const &t2)
tactic	repeat (tactic const &t, unsigned max=UINT_MAX)
tactic	with (tactic const &t, params const &p)
tactic	try_for (tactic const &t, unsigned ms)
tactic	par_or (unsigned n, tactic const *tactics)
tactic	par_and_then (tactic const &t1, tactic const &t2)
simplifier	operator& (simplifier const &t1, simplifier const &t2)
simplifier	with (simplifier const &t, params const &p)
probe	operator<= (probe const &p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator<= (probe const &p1, double p2)
probe	operator<= (double p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator>= (probe const &p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator>= (probe const &p1, double p2)
probe	operator>= (double p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator< (probe const &p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator< (probe const &p1, double p2)
probe	operator< (double p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator> (probe const &p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator> (probe const &p1, double p2)
probe	operator> (double p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator== (probe const &p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator== (probe const &p1, double p2)
probe	operator== (double p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator&& (probe const &p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator|| (probe const &p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator! (probe const &p)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, optimize const &s)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, fixedpoint const &f)
tactic	fail_if (probe const &p)
tactic	when (probe const &p, tactic const &t)
tactic	cond (probe const &p, tactic const &t1, tactic const &t2)
expr	to_real (expr const &a)
func_decl	function (symbol const &name, unsigned arity, sort const *domain, sort const &range)
func_decl	function (char const *name, unsigned arity, sort const *domain, sort const &range)
func_decl	function (char const *name, sort const &domain, sort const &range)
func_decl	function (char const *name, sort const &d1, sort const &d2, sort const &range)
func_decl	function (char const *name, sort const &d1, sort const &d2, sort const &d3, sort const &range)
func_decl	function (char const *name, sort const &d1, sort const &d2, sort const &d3, sort const &d4, sort const &range)
func_decl	function (char const *name, sort const &d1, sort const &d2, sort const &d3, sort const &d4, sort const &d5, sort const &range)
func_decl	function (char const *name, sort_vector const &domain, sort const &range)
func_decl	function (std::string const &name, sort_vector const &domain, sort const &range)
func_decl	recfun (symbol const &name, unsigned arity, sort const *domain, sort const &range)
func_decl	recfun (char const *name, unsigned arity, sort const *domain, sort const &range)
func_decl	recfun (char const *name, sort const &d1, sort const &range)
func_decl	recfun (char const *name, sort const &d1, sort const &d2, sort const &range)
expr	select (expr const &a, int i)
expr	store (expr const &a, expr const &i, expr const &v)
expr	store (expr const &a, int i, expr const &v)
expr	store (expr const &a, expr i, int v)
expr	store (expr const &a, int i, int v)
expr	store (expr const &a, expr_vector const &i, expr const &v)
expr	as_array (func_decl &f)
expr	array_default (expr const &a)
expr	array_ext (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	const_array (sort const &d, expr const &v)
expr	empty_set (sort const &s)
expr	full_set (sort const &s)
expr	set_add (expr const &s, expr const &e)
expr	set_del (expr const &s, expr const &e)
expr	set_union (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	set_intersect (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	set_difference (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	set_complement (expr const &a)
expr	set_member (expr const &s, expr const &e)
expr	set_subset (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	finite_set_empty (sort const &s)
expr	finite_set_singleton (expr const &e)
expr	finite_set_union (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	finite_set_intersect (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	finite_set_difference (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	finite_set_member (expr const &e, expr const &s)
expr	finite_set_size (expr const &s)
expr	finite_set_subset (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	finite_set_map (expr const &f, expr const &s)
expr	finite_set_filter (expr const &f, expr const &s)
expr	finite_set_range (expr const &low, expr const &high)
expr	empty (sort const &s)
expr	suffixof (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	prefixof (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	indexof (expr const &s, expr const &substr, expr const &offset)
expr	last_indexof (expr const &s, expr const &substr)
expr	to_re (expr const &s)
expr	in_re (expr const &s, expr const &re)
expr	plus (expr const &re)
expr	option (expr const &re)
expr	star (expr const &re)
expr	re_empty (sort const &s)
expr	re_full (sort const &s)
expr	re_intersect (expr_vector const &args)
expr	re_diff (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	re_complement (expr const &a)
expr	range (expr const &lo, expr const &hi)
rcf_num	rcf_pi (context &c)
	Create an RCF numeral representing pi.
rcf_num	rcf_e (context &c)
	Create an RCF numeral representing e (Euler's constant).
rcf_num	rcf_infinitesimal (context &c)
	Create an RCF numeral representing an infinitesimal.
std::vector< rcf_num >	rcf_roots (context &c, std::vector< rcf_num > const &coeffs)
	Find roots of a polynomial with given coefficients.

Macro Definition Documentation

_Z3_MK_BIN_

#define _Z3_MK_BIN_	(		a,
			b,
			binop
	)

Value:

    check_context(a, b);                                \
    Z3_ast r = binop(a.ctx(), a, b);                    \
    a.check_error();                                    \
    return expr(a.ctx(), r);                            \

Definition at line 1753 of file z3++.h.

                                                        {
        assert(a.is_bool() && b.is_bool());
        _Z3_MK_BIN_(a, b, Z3_mk_implies);
    }
    inline expr implies(expr const & a, bool b) { return implies(a, a.ctx().bool_val(b)); }
    inline expr implies(bool a, expr const & b) { return implies(b.ctx().bool_val(a), b); }
 
 
    inline expr pw(expr const & a, expr const & b) { _Z3_MK_BIN_(a, b, Z3_mk_power);   }
    inline expr pw(expr const & a, int b) { return pw(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr pw(int a, expr const & b) { return pw(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr mod(expr const& a, expr const& b) { 
        if (a.is_bv()) {
            _Z3_MK_BIN_(a, b, Z3_mk_bvsmod);   
        }
        else {
            _Z3_MK_BIN_(a, b, Z3_mk_mod);   
        }
    }
    inline expr mod(expr const & a, int b) { return mod(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr mod(int a, expr const & b) { return mod(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr operator%(expr const& a, expr const& b) { return mod(a, b); }
    inline expr operator%(expr const& a, int b) { return mod(a, b); }
    inline expr operator%(int a, expr const& b) { return mod(a, b); }
 
 
    inline expr rem(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        if (a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa()) {
            _Z3_MK_BIN_(a, b, Z3_mk_fpa_rem);
        } else {
            _Z3_MK_BIN_(a, b, Z3_mk_rem);
        }
    }
    inline expr rem(expr const & a, int b) { return rem(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr rem(int a, expr const & b) { return rem(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
#undef _Z3_MK_BIN_
 
#define _Z3_MK_UN_(a, mkun)                     \
    Z3_ast r = mkun(a.ctx(), a);                \
    a.check_error();                            \
    return expr(a.ctx(), r);                    \
 
 
    inline expr operator!(expr const & a) { assert(a.is_bool()); _Z3_MK_UN_(a, Z3_mk_not); }
 
    inline expr is_int(expr const& e) { _Z3_MK_UN_(e, Z3_mk_is_int); }
 
#undef _Z3_MK_UN_
 
    inline expr operator&&(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        assert(a.is_bool() && b.is_bool());
        Z3_ast args[2] = { a, b };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_and(a.ctx(), 2, args);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr operator&&(expr const & a, bool b) { return a && a.ctx().bool_val(b); }
    inline expr operator&&(bool a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().bool_val(a) && b; }
 
    inline expr operator||(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        assert(a.is_bool() && b.is_bool());
        Z3_ast args[2] = { a, b };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_or(a.ctx(), 2, args);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr operator||(expr const & a, bool b) { return a || a.ctx().bool_val(b); }
 
    inline expr operator||(bool a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().bool_val(a) || b; }
 
    inline expr operator==(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_eq(a.ctx(), a, b);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator==(expr const & a, int b) { assert(a.is_arith() || a.is_bv() || a.is_fpa()); return a == a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator==(int a, expr const & b) { assert(b.is_arith() || b.is_bv() || b.is_fpa()); return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) == b; }
    inline expr operator==(expr const & a, double b) { assert(a.is_fpa()); return a == a.ctx().fpa_val(b); }
    inline expr operator==(double a, expr const & b) { assert(b.is_fpa()); return b.ctx().fpa_val(a) == b; }
 
    inline expr operator!=(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast args[2] = { a, b };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_distinct(a.ctx(), 2, args);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator!=(expr const & a, int b) { assert(a.is_arith() || a.is_bv() || a.is_fpa()); return a != a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator!=(int a, expr const & b) { assert(b.is_arith() || b.is_bv() || b.is_fpa()); return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) != b; }
    inline expr operator!=(expr const & a, double b) { assert(a.is_fpa()); return a != a.ctx().fpa_val(b); }
    inline expr operator!=(double a, expr const & b) { assert(b.is_fpa()); return b.ctx().fpa_val(a) != b; }
 
    inline expr operator+(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            Z3_ast args[2] = { a, b };
            r = Z3_mk_add(a.ctx(), 2, args);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvadd(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_seq() && b.is_seq()) {
            return concat(a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_re() && b.is_re()) {
            Z3_ast _args[2] = { a, b };
            r = Z3_mk_re_union(a.ctx(), 2, _args);
        }
        else if (a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa()) {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_add(a.ctx(), a.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator+(expr const & a, int b) { return a + a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator+(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) + b; }
 
    inline expr operator*(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            Z3_ast args[2] = { a, b };
            r = Z3_mk_mul(a.ctx(), 2, args);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvmul(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa()) {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_mul(a.ctx(), a.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator*(expr const & a, int b) { return a * a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator*(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) * b; }
 
 
    inline expr operator>=(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_ge(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvsge(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa()) {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_geq(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr operator/(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_div(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvsdiv(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa()) {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_div(a.ctx(), a.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator/(expr const & a, int b) { return a / a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator/(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) / b; }
 
    inline expr operator-(expr const & a) {
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_unary_minus(a.ctx(), a);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvneg(a.ctx(), a);
        }
        else if (a.is_fpa()) {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_neg(a.ctx(), a);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr operator-(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            Z3_ast args[2] = { a, b };
            r = Z3_mk_sub(a.ctx(), 2, args);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvsub(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa()) {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_sub(a.ctx(), a.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator-(expr const & a, int b) { return a - a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator-(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) - b; }
 
    inline expr operator<=(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_le(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvsle(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa()) {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_leq(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator<=(expr const & a, int b) { return a <= a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator<=(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) <= b; }
 
    inline expr operator>=(expr const & a, int b) { return a >= a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator>=(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) >= b; }
 
    inline expr operator<(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_lt(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvslt(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa()) {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_lt(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator<(expr const & a, int b) { return a < a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator<(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) < b; }
 
    inline expr operator>(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_gt(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvsgt(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa()) {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_gt(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator>(expr const & a, int b) { return a > a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator>(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) > b; }
 
    inline expr operator&(expr const & a, expr const & b) { if (a.is_bool()) return a && b; check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvand(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
    inline expr operator&(expr const & a, int b) { return a & a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator&(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) & b; }
 
    inline expr operator^(expr const & a, expr const & b) { check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = a.is_bool() ? Z3_mk_xor(a.ctx(), a, b) : Z3_mk_bvxor(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
    inline expr operator^(expr const & a, int b) { return a ^ a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator^(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) ^ b; }
 
    inline expr operator|(expr const & a, expr const & b) { if (a.is_bool()) return a || b; check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvor(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
    inline expr operator|(expr const & a, int b) { return a | a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator|(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) | b; }
 
    inline expr nand(expr const& a, expr const& b) { if (a.is_bool()) return !(a && b); check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvnand(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
    inline expr nor(expr const& a, expr const& b) { if (a.is_bool()) return !(a || b); check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvnor(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
    inline expr xnor(expr const& a, expr const& b) { if (a.is_bool()) return !(a ^ b); check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvxnor(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
    inline expr min(expr const& a, expr const& b) { 
        check_context(a, b); 
        Z3_ast r;
        if (a.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_ite(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_ge(a.ctx(), a, b), b, a);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_ite(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvuge(a.ctx(), a, b), b, a);
        }
        else {
            assert(a.is_fpa());
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_min(a.ctx(), a, b); 
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr max(expr const& a, expr const& b) { 
        check_context(a, b); 
        Z3_ast r;
        if (a.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_ite(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_ge(a.ctx(), a, b), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_ite(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvuge(a.ctx(), a, b), a, b);
        }
        else {
            assert(a.is_fpa());
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_max(a.ctx(), a, b); 
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr bvredor(expr const & a) {
        assert(a.is_bv());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvredor(a.ctx(), a);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr bvredand(expr const & a) {
        assert(a.is_bv());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvredand(a.ctx(), a);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr abs(expr const & a) { 
        Z3_ast r;
        if (a.is_int()) {
            expr zero = a.ctx().int_val(0);
        expr ge = a >= zero;
        expr na = -a;
            r = Z3_mk_ite(a.ctx(), ge, a, na);      
        }
        else if (a.is_real()) {
            expr zero = a.ctx().real_val(0);
        expr ge = a >= zero;
        expr na = -a;
            r = Z3_mk_ite(a.ctx(), ge, a, na);
        }
        else {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_abs(a.ctx(), a); 
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr sqrt(expr const & a, expr const& rm) {
        check_context(a, rm);
        assert(a.is_fpa());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_sqrt(a.ctx(), rm, a);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr fp_eq(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        assert(a.is_fpa());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_eq(a.ctx(), a, b);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator~(expr const & a) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvnot(a.ctx(), a); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
 
    inline expr fma(expr const& a, expr const& b, expr const& c, expr const& rm) {
        check_context(a, b); check_context(a, c); check_context(a, rm);
        assert(a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa() && c.is_fpa());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_fma(a.ctx(), rm, a, b, c);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr fpa_fp(expr const& sgn, expr const& exp, expr const& sig) {
        check_context(sgn, exp); check_context(exp, sig);
        assert(sgn.is_bv() && exp.is_bv() && sig.is_bv());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_fp(sgn.ctx(), sgn, exp, sig);
        sgn.check_error();
        return expr(sgn.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr fpa_to_sbv(expr const& t, unsigned sz) {
        assert(t.is_fpa());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_to_sbv(t.ctx(), t.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), t, sz);
        t.check_error();
        return expr(t.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr fpa_to_ubv(expr const& t, unsigned sz) {
        assert(t.is_fpa());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_to_ubv(t.ctx(), t.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), t, sz);
        t.check_error();
        return expr(t.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr sbv_to_fpa(expr const& t, sort s) {
        assert(t.is_bv());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_to_fp_signed(t.ctx(), t.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), t, s);
        t.check_error();
        return expr(t.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr ubv_to_fpa(expr const& t, sort s) {
        assert(t.is_bv());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_to_fp_unsigned(t.ctx(), t.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), t, s);
        t.check_error();
        return expr(t.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr fpa_to_fpa(expr const& t, sort s) {
        assert(t.is_fpa());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_to_fp_float(t.ctx(), t.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), t, s);
        t.check_error();
        return expr(t.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr round_fpa_to_closest_integer(expr const& t) {
        assert(t.is_fpa());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_round_to_integral(t.ctx(), t.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), t);
        t.check_error();
        return expr(t.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr ite(expr const & c, expr const & t, expr const & e) {
        check_context(c, t); check_context(c, e);
        assert(c.is_bool());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_ite(c.ctx(), c, t, e);
        c.check_error();
        return expr(c.ctx(), r);
    }
 
 
    inline expr to_expr(context & c, Z3_ast a) {
        c.check_error();
        assert(Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_APP_AST ||
               Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_NUMERAL_AST ||
               Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_VAR_AST ||
               Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_QUANTIFIER_AST);
        return expr(c, a);
    }
 
    inline sort to_sort(context & c, Z3_sort s) {
        c.check_error();
        return sort(c, s);
    }
 
    inline func_decl to_func_decl(context & c, Z3_func_decl f) {
        c.check_error();
        return func_decl(c, f);
    }
 
    inline expr sle(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvsle(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr sle(expr const & a, int b) { return sle(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr sle(int a, expr const & b) { return sle(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    inline expr slt(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvslt(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr slt(expr const & a, int b) { return slt(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr slt(int a, expr const & b) { return slt(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    inline expr sge(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvsge(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr sge(expr const & a, int b) { return sge(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr sge(int a, expr const & b) { return sge(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    inline expr sgt(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvsgt(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr sgt(expr const & a, int b) { return sgt(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr sgt(int a, expr const & b) { return sgt(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
 
    inline expr ule(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvule(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr ule(expr const & a, int b) { return ule(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr ule(int a, expr const & b) { return ule(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    inline expr ult(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvult(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr ult(expr const & a, int b) { return ult(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr ult(int a, expr const & b) { return ult(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    inline expr uge(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvuge(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr uge(expr const & a, int b) { return uge(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr uge(int a, expr const & b) { return uge(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    inline expr ugt(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvugt(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr ugt(expr const & a, int b) { return ugt(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr ugt(int a, expr const & b) { return ugt(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr sdiv(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvsdiv(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr sdiv(expr const & a, int b) { return sdiv(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr sdiv(int a, expr const & b) { return sdiv(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr udiv(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvudiv(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr udiv(expr const & a, int b) { return udiv(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr udiv(int a, expr const & b) { return udiv(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr srem(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvsrem(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr srem(expr const & a, int b) { return srem(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr srem(int a, expr const & b) { return srem(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr smod(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvsmod(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr smod(expr const & a, int b) { return smod(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr smod(int a, expr const & b) { return smod(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr urem(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvurem(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr urem(expr const & a, int b) { return urem(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr urem(int a, expr const & b) { return urem(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr shl(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvshl(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr shl(expr const & a, int b) { return shl(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr shl(int a, expr const & b) { return shl(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr lshr(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvlshr(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr lshr(expr const & a, int b) { return lshr(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr lshr(int a, expr const & b) { return lshr(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr ashr(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvashr(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr ashr(expr const & a, int b) { return ashr(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr ashr(int a, expr const & b) { return ashr(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr zext(expr const & a, unsigned i) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_zero_ext(a.ctx(), i, a)); }
 
    inline expr bv2int(expr const& a, bool is_signed) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bv2int(a.ctx(), a, is_signed); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
    inline expr int2bv(unsigned n, expr const& a) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int2bv(a.ctx(), n, a); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
 
    inline expr bvadd_no_overflow(expr const& a, expr const& b, bool is_signed) { 
        check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvadd_no_overflow(a.ctx(), a, b, is_signed); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr bvadd_no_underflow(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvadd_no_underflow(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr bvsub_no_overflow(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvsub_no_overflow(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr bvsub_no_underflow(expr const& a, expr const& b, bool is_signed) {
        check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvsub_no_underflow(a.ctx(), a, b, is_signed); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr bvsdiv_no_overflow(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvsdiv_no_overflow(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr bvneg_no_overflow(expr const& a) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvneg_no_overflow(a.ctx(), a); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr bvmul_no_overflow(expr const& a, expr const& b, bool is_signed) {
        check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvmul_no_overflow(a.ctx(), a, b, is_signed); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr bvmul_no_underflow(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvmul_no_underflow(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
 
 
    inline expr sext(expr const & a, unsigned i) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_sign_ext(a.ctx(), i, a)); }
 
    inline func_decl linear_order(sort const& a, unsigned index) {
        return to_func_decl(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_linear_order(a.ctx(), a, index));
    }
    inline func_decl partial_order(sort const& a, unsigned index) {
        return to_func_decl(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_partial_order(a.ctx(), a, index));
    }
    inline func_decl piecewise_linear_order(sort const& a, unsigned index) {
        return to_func_decl(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_piecewise_linear_order(a.ctx(), a, index));
    }
    inline func_decl tree_order(sort const& a, unsigned index) {
        return to_func_decl(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_tree_order(a.ctx(), a, index));
    }
 
    inline expr_vector polynomial_subresultants(expr const& p, expr const& q, expr const& x) {
        check_context(p, q); check_context(p, x);
        Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_polynomial_subresultants(p.ctx(), p, q, x);
        p.check_error();
        return expr_vector(p.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    template<> class cast_ast<ast> {
    public:
        ast operator()(context & c, Z3_ast a) { return ast(c, a); }
    };
 
    template<> class cast_ast<expr> {
    public:
        expr operator()(context & c, Z3_ast a) {
            assert(Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_NUMERAL_AST ||
                   Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_APP_AST ||
                   Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_QUANTIFIER_AST ||
                   Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_VAR_AST);
            return expr(c, a);
        }
    };
 
    template<> class cast_ast<sort> {
    public:
        sort operator()(context & c, Z3_ast a) {
            assert(Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_SORT_AST);
            return sort(c, reinterpret_cast<Z3_sort>(a));
        }
    };
 
    template<> class cast_ast<func_decl> {
    public:
        func_decl operator()(context & c, Z3_ast a) {
            assert(Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_FUNC_DECL_AST);
            return func_decl(c, reinterpret_cast<Z3_func_decl>(a));
        }
    };
 
    template<typename T>
    template<typename T2>
    array<T>::array(ast_vector_tpl<T2> const & v):m_array(new T[v.size()]), m_size(v.size()) {
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < m_size; ++i) {
            m_array[i] = v[i];
        }
    }
 
    // Basic functions for creating quantified formulas.
    // The C API should be used for creating quantifiers with patterns, weights, many variables, etc.
    inline expr forall(expr const & x, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x};
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_forall_const(b.ctx(), 0, 1, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr forall(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2};
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_forall_const(b.ctx(), 0, 2, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr forall(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & x3, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b); check_context(x3, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2, (Z3_app) x3 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_forall_const(b.ctx(), 0, 3, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr forall(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & x3, expr const & x4, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b); check_context(x3, b); check_context(x4, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2, (Z3_app) x3, (Z3_app) x4 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_forall_const(b.ctx(), 0, 4, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr forall(expr_vector const & xs, expr const & b) {
        array<Z3_app> vars(xs);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_forall_const(b.ctx(), 0, vars.size(), vars.ptr(), 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr exists(expr const & x, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x};
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_exists_const(b.ctx(), 0, 1, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr exists(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2};
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_exists_const(b.ctx(), 0, 2, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr exists(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & x3, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b); check_context(x3, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2, (Z3_app) x3 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_exists_const(b.ctx(), 0, 3, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr exists(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & x3, expr const & x4, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b); check_context(x3, b); check_context(x4, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2, (Z3_app) x3, (Z3_app) x4 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_exists_const(b.ctx(), 0, 4, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr exists(expr_vector const & xs, expr const & b) {
        array<Z3_app> vars(xs);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_exists_const(b.ctx(), 0, vars.size(), vars.ptr(), 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr lambda(expr const & x, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x};
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_lambda_const(b.ctx(), 1, vars, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr lambda(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2};
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_lambda_const(b.ctx(), 2, vars, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr lambda(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & x3, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b); check_context(x3, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2, (Z3_app) x3 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_lambda_const(b.ctx(), 3, vars, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr lambda(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & x3, expr const & x4, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b); check_context(x3, b); check_context(x4, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2, (Z3_app) x3, (Z3_app) x4 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_lambda_const(b.ctx(), 4, vars, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr lambda(expr_vector const & xs, expr const & b) {
        array<Z3_app> vars(xs);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_lambda_const(b.ctx(), vars.size(), vars.ptr(), b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr pble(expr_vector const& es, int const* coeffs, int bound) {
        assert(es.size() > 0);
        context& ctx = es[0u].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _es(es);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_pble(ctx, _es.size(), _es.ptr(), coeffs, bound);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
    inline expr pbge(expr_vector const& es, int const* coeffs, int bound) {
        assert(es.size() > 0);
        context& ctx = es[0u].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _es(es);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_pbge(ctx, _es.size(), _es.ptr(), coeffs, bound);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
    inline expr pbeq(expr_vector const& es, int const* coeffs, int bound) {
        assert(es.size() > 0);
        context& ctx = es[0u].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _es(es);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_pbeq(ctx, _es.size(), _es.ptr(), coeffs, bound);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
    inline expr atmost(expr_vector const& es, unsigned bound) {
        assert(es.size() > 0);
        context& ctx = es[0u].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _es(es);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_atmost(ctx, _es.size(), _es.ptr(), bound);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
    inline expr atleast(expr_vector const& es, unsigned bound) {
        assert(es.size() > 0);
        context& ctx = es[0u].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _es(es);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_atleast(ctx, _es.size(), _es.ptr(), bound);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
    inline expr sum(expr_vector const& args) {
        assert(args.size() > 0);
        context& ctx = args[0u].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_add(ctx, _args.size(), _args.ptr());
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
 
    inline expr distinct(expr_vector const& args) {
        assert(args.size() > 0);
        context& ctx = args[0u].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_distinct(ctx, _args.size(), _args.ptr());
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
 
    inline expr concat(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r;
        if (Z3_is_seq_sort(a.ctx(), a.get_sort())) {
            Z3_ast _args[2] = { a, b };
            r = Z3_mk_seq_concat(a.ctx(), 2, _args);
        }
        else if (Z3_is_re_sort(a.ctx(), a.get_sort())) {
            Z3_ast _args[2] = { a, b };
            r = Z3_mk_re_concat(a.ctx(), 2, _args);
        }
        else {
            r = Z3_mk_concat(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        a.ctx().check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr concat(expr_vector const& args) {
        Z3_ast r;
        assert(args.size() > 0);
        if (args.size() == 1) {
            return args[0u];
        }
        context& ctx = args[0u].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args);
        if (Z3_is_seq_sort(ctx, args[0u].get_sort())) {
            r = Z3_mk_seq_concat(ctx, _args.size(), _args.ptr());
        }
        else if (Z3_is_re_sort(ctx, args[0u].get_sort())) {
            r = Z3_mk_re_concat(ctx, _args.size(), _args.ptr());
        }
        else {
            r = _args[args.size()-1];
            for (unsigned i = args.size()-1; i > 0; ) {
                --i;
                r = Z3_mk_concat(ctx, _args[i], r);
                ctx.check_error();
            }
        }
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
 
    inline expr map(expr const& f, expr const& list) {
        context& ctx = f.ctx();
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_map(ctx, f, list);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
 
    inline expr mapi(expr const& f, expr const& i, expr const& list) {
        context& ctx = f.ctx();
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_mapi(ctx, f, i, list);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
 
    inline expr foldl(expr const& f, expr const& a, expr const& list) {
        context& ctx = f.ctx();
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_foldl(ctx, f, a, list);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
 
    inline expr foldli(expr const& f, expr const& i, expr const& a, expr const& list) {
        context& ctx = f.ctx();
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_foldli(ctx, f, i, a, list);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
 
    inline expr mk_or(expr_vector const& args) {
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_or(args.ctx(), _args.size(), _args.ptr());
        args.check_error();
        return expr(args.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr mk_and(expr_vector const& args) {
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_and(args.ctx(), _args.size(), _args.ptr());
        args.check_error();
        return expr(args.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr mk_xor(expr_vector const& args) {
        if (args.empty())
            return args.ctx().bool_val(false);
        expr r = args[0u];
        for (unsigned i = 1; i < args.size(); ++i)
            r = r ^ args[i];
        return r;
    }
 
 
    class func_entry : public object {
        Z3_func_entry m_entry;
        void init(Z3_func_entry e) {
            m_entry = e;
            Z3_func_entry_inc_ref(ctx(), m_entry);
        }
    public:
        func_entry(context & c, Z3_func_entry e):object(c) { init(e); }
        func_entry(func_entry const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_entry); }
        ~func_entry() override { Z3_func_entry_dec_ref(ctx(), m_entry); }
        operator Z3_func_entry() const { return m_entry; }
        func_entry & operator=(func_entry const & s) {
            Z3_func_entry_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_entry);
            Z3_func_entry_dec_ref(ctx(), m_entry);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_entry = s.m_entry;
            return *this;
        }
        expr value() const { Z3_ast r = Z3_func_entry_get_value(ctx(), m_entry); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }
        unsigned num_args() const { unsigned r = Z3_func_entry_get_num_args(ctx(), m_entry); check_error(); return r; }
        expr arg(unsigned i) const { Z3_ast r = Z3_func_entry_get_arg(ctx(), m_entry, i); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }
    };
 
    class func_interp : public object {
        Z3_func_interp m_interp;
        void init(Z3_func_interp e) {
            m_interp = e;
            Z3_func_interp_inc_ref(ctx(), m_interp);
        }
    public:
        func_interp(context & c, Z3_func_interp e):object(c) { init(e); }
        func_interp(func_interp const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_interp); }
        ~func_interp() override { Z3_func_interp_dec_ref(ctx(), m_interp); }
        operator Z3_func_interp() const { return m_interp; }
        func_interp & operator=(func_interp const & s) {
            Z3_func_interp_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_interp);
            Z3_func_interp_dec_ref(ctx(), m_interp);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_interp = s.m_interp;
            return *this;
        }
        expr else_value() const { Z3_ast r = Z3_func_interp_get_else(ctx(), m_interp); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }
        unsigned num_entries() const { unsigned r = Z3_func_interp_get_num_entries(ctx(), m_interp); check_error(); return r; }
        func_entry entry(unsigned i) const { Z3_func_entry e = Z3_func_interp_get_entry(ctx(), m_interp, i); check_error(); return func_entry(ctx(), e); }
        void add_entry(expr_vector const& args, expr& value) {
            Z3_func_interp_add_entry(ctx(), m_interp, args, value);
            check_error();
        }
        void set_else(expr& value) {
            Z3_func_interp_set_else(ctx(), m_interp, value);
            check_error();
        }
    };
 
    class model : public object {
        Z3_model m_model;
        void init(Z3_model m) {
            m_model = m;
            Z3_model_inc_ref(ctx(), m);
        }
    public:
        struct translate {};
        model(context & c):object(c) { init(Z3_mk_model(c)); }
        model(context & c, Z3_model m):object(c) { init(m); }
        model(model const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_model); }
        model(model& src, context& dst, translate) : object(dst) { init(Z3_model_translate(src.ctx(), src, dst)); }
        ~model() override { Z3_model_dec_ref(ctx(), m_model); }
        operator Z3_model() const { return m_model; }
        model & operator=(model const & s) {
            Z3_model_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_model);
            Z3_model_dec_ref(ctx(), m_model);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_model = s.m_model;
            return *this;
        }
 
        expr eval(expr const & n, bool model_completion=false) const {
            check_context(*this, n);
            Z3_ast r = 0;
            bool status = Z3_model_eval(ctx(), m_model, n, model_completion, &r);
            check_error();
            if (status == false && ctx().enable_exceptions())
                Z3_THROW(exception("failed to evaluate expression"));
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
 
        unsigned num_consts() const { return Z3_model_get_num_consts(ctx(), m_model); }
        unsigned num_funcs() const { return Z3_model_get_num_funcs(ctx(), m_model); }
        func_decl get_const_decl(unsigned i) const { Z3_func_decl r = Z3_model_get_const_decl(ctx(), m_model, i); check_error(); return func_decl(ctx(), r); }
        func_decl get_func_decl(unsigned i) const { Z3_func_decl r = Z3_model_get_func_decl(ctx(), m_model, i); check_error(); return func_decl(ctx(), r); }
        unsigned size() const { return num_consts() + num_funcs(); }
        func_decl operator[](int i) const {
            assert(0 <= i);
            return static_cast<unsigned>(i) < num_consts() ? get_const_decl(i) : get_func_decl(i - num_consts());
        }
 
        // returns interpretation of constant declaration c.
        // If c is not assigned any value in the model it returns
        // an expression with a null ast reference.
        expr get_const_interp(func_decl c) const {
            check_context(*this, c);
            Z3_ast r = Z3_model_get_const_interp(ctx(), m_model, c);
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        func_interp get_func_interp(func_decl f) const {
            check_context(*this, f);
            Z3_func_interp r = Z3_model_get_func_interp(ctx(), m_model, f);
            check_error();
            return func_interp(ctx(), r);
        }
 
        // returns true iff the model contains an interpretation
        // for function f.
        bool has_interp(func_decl f) const {
            check_context(*this, f);
            return Z3_model_has_interp(ctx(), m_model, f);
        }
 
        func_interp add_func_interp(func_decl& f, expr& else_val) {
            Z3_func_interp r = Z3_add_func_interp(ctx(), m_model, f, else_val);
            check_error();
            return func_interp(ctx(), r);
        }
 
        void add_const_interp(func_decl& f, expr& value) {
            Z3_add_const_interp(ctx(), m_model, f, value);
            check_error();
        }
 
        unsigned num_sorts() const {
            unsigned r = Z3_model_get_num_sorts(ctx(), m_model);
            check_error();
            return r;
        }
 
        sort get_sort(unsigned i) const {
            Z3_sort s = Z3_model_get_sort(ctx(), m_model, i);
            check_error();
            return sort(ctx(), s);
        }
 
        expr_vector sort_universe(sort const& s) const {
            check_context(*this, s);
            Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_model_get_sort_universe(ctx(), m_model, s);
            check_error();
            return expr_vector(ctx(), r);
        }
 
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, model const & m);
 
        std::string to_string() const { return m_model ? std::string(Z3_model_to_string(ctx(), m_model)) : "null"; }
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, model const & m) { return out << m.to_string(); }
 
    class stats : public object {
        Z3_stats m_stats;
        void init(Z3_stats e) {
            m_stats = e;
            Z3_stats_inc_ref(ctx(), m_stats);
        }
    public:
        stats(context & c):object(c), m_stats(0) {}
        stats(context & c, Z3_stats e):object(c) { init(e); }
        stats(stats const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_stats); }
        ~stats() override { if (m_stats) Z3_stats_dec_ref(ctx(), m_stats); }
        operator Z3_stats() const { return m_stats; }
        stats & operator=(stats const & s) {
            Z3_stats_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_stats);
            if (m_stats) Z3_stats_dec_ref(ctx(), m_stats);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_stats = s.m_stats;
            return *this;
        }
        unsigned size() const { return Z3_stats_size(ctx(), m_stats); }
        std::string key(unsigned i) const { Z3_string s = Z3_stats_get_key(ctx(), m_stats, i); check_error(); return s; }
        bool is_uint(unsigned i) const { bool r = Z3_stats_is_uint(ctx(), m_stats, i); check_error(); return r; }
        bool is_double(unsigned i) const { bool r = Z3_stats_is_double(ctx(), m_stats, i); check_error(); return r; }
        unsigned uint_value(unsigned i) const { unsigned r = Z3_stats_get_uint_value(ctx(), m_stats, i); check_error(); return r; }
        double double_value(unsigned i) const { double r = Z3_stats_get_double_value(ctx(), m_stats, i); check_error(); return r; }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, stats const & s);
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, stats const & s) { out << Z3_stats_to_string(s.ctx(), s); return out; }
 
 
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, check_result r) {
        if (r == unsat) out << "unsat";
        else if (r == sat) out << "sat";
        else out << "unknown";
        return out;
    }
 
    class parameter {
        Z3_parameter_kind m_kind;
        func_decl         m_decl;
        unsigned          m_index;
        context& ctx() const { return m_decl.ctx(); }
        void check_error() const { ctx().check_error(); }
    public:
        parameter(func_decl const& d, unsigned idx) : m_decl(d), m_index(idx) { 
            if (ctx().enable_exceptions() && idx >= d.num_parameters())
                Z3_THROW(exception("parameter index is out of bounds"));
            m_kind = Z3_get_decl_parameter_kind(ctx(), d, idx); 
        }
        parameter(expr const& e, unsigned idx) : m_decl(e.decl()), m_index(idx) {
            if (ctx().enable_exceptions() && idx >= m_decl.num_parameters())
                Z3_THROW(exception("parameter index is out of bounds"));
            m_kind = Z3_get_decl_parameter_kind(ctx(), m_decl, idx);
        }
        Z3_parameter_kind kind() const { return m_kind; }
        expr get_expr() const { Z3_ast a = Z3_get_decl_ast_parameter(ctx(), m_decl, m_index); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), a); }
        sort get_sort() const { Z3_sort s = Z3_get_decl_sort_parameter(ctx(), m_decl, m_index); check_error(); return sort(ctx(), s); }
        func_decl get_decl() const { Z3_func_decl f = Z3_get_decl_func_decl_parameter(ctx(), m_decl, m_index); check_error(); return func_decl(ctx(), f); }
        symbol get_symbol() const { Z3_symbol s = Z3_get_decl_symbol_parameter(ctx(), m_decl, m_index); check_error(); return symbol(ctx(), s); }
        std::string get_rational() const { Z3_string s = Z3_get_decl_rational_parameter(ctx(), m_decl, m_index); check_error(); return s; }
        double get_double() const { double d = Z3_get_decl_double_parameter(ctx(), m_decl, m_index); check_error(); return d; }
        int get_int() const { int i = Z3_get_decl_int_parameter(ctx(), m_decl, m_index); check_error(); return i; }
    };
 
 
    class solver : public object {
        Z3_solver m_solver;
        void init(Z3_solver s) {
            m_solver = s;
            if (s)
                Z3_solver_inc_ref(ctx(), s);
        }
    public:
        struct simple {};
        struct translate {};
        solver(context & c):object(c) { init(Z3_mk_solver(c)); check_error(); }
        solver(context & c, simple):object(c) { init(Z3_mk_simple_solver(c)); check_error(); }
        solver(context & c, Z3_solver s):object(c) { init(s); }
        solver(context & c, char const * logic):object(c) { init(Z3_mk_solver_for_logic(c, c.str_symbol(logic))); check_error(); }
        solver(context & c, solver const& src, translate): object(c) { Z3_solver s = Z3_solver_translate(src.ctx(), src, c); check_error(); init(s); }
        solver(solver const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_solver); }
        solver(solver const& s, simplifier const& simp);
        ~solver() override { Z3_solver_dec_ref(ctx(), m_solver); }
        operator Z3_solver() const { return m_solver; }
        solver & operator=(solver const & s) {
            Z3_solver_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_solver);
            Z3_solver_dec_ref(ctx(), m_solver);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_solver = s.m_solver;
            return *this;
        }
        void set(params const & p) { Z3_solver_set_params(ctx(), m_solver, p); check_error(); }
        void set(char const * k, bool v) { params p(ctx()); p.set(k, v); set(p); }
        void set(char const * k, unsigned v) { params p(ctx()); p.set(k, v); set(p); }
        void set(char const * k, double v) { params p(ctx()); p.set(k, v); set(p); }
        void set(char const * k, symbol const & v) { params p(ctx()); p.set(k, v); set(p); }
        void set(char const * k, char const* v) { params p(ctx()); p.set(k, v); set(p); }
        void push() { Z3_solver_push(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); }
        void pop(unsigned n = 1) { Z3_solver_pop(ctx(), m_solver, n); check_error(); }
        void reset() { Z3_solver_reset(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); }
        void add(expr const & e) { assert(e.is_bool()); Z3_solver_assert(ctx(), m_solver, e); check_error(); }
        void add(expr const & e, expr const & p) {
            assert(e.is_bool()); assert(p.is_bool()); assert(p.is_const());
            Z3_solver_assert_and_track(ctx(), m_solver, e, p);
            check_error();
        }
        void add(expr const & e, char const * p) {
            add(e, ctx().bool_const(p));
        }        
        void add(expr_vector const& v) { 
            check_context(*this, v); 
            for (unsigned i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) 
                add(v[i]); 
        }
        void from_file(char const* file) { Z3_solver_from_file(ctx(), m_solver, file); ctx().check_parser_error(); }
        void from_string(char const* s) { Z3_solver_from_string(ctx(), m_solver, s); ctx().check_parser_error(); }
 
        check_result check() { Z3_lbool r = Z3_solver_check(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return to_check_result(r); }
        check_result check(unsigned n, expr * const assumptions) {
            array<Z3_ast> _assumptions(n);
            for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
                check_context(*this, assumptions[i]);
                _assumptions[i] = assumptions[i];
            }
            Z3_lbool r = Z3_solver_check_assumptions(ctx(), m_solver, n, _assumptions.ptr());
            check_error();
            return to_check_result(r);
        }
        check_result check(expr_vector const& assumptions) {
            unsigned n = assumptions.size();
            array<Z3_ast> _assumptions(n);
            for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
                check_context(*this, assumptions[i]);
                _assumptions[i] = assumptions[i];
            }
            Z3_lbool r = Z3_solver_check_assumptions(ctx(), m_solver, n, _assumptions.ptr());
            check_error();
            return to_check_result(r);
        }
        model get_model() const { Z3_model m = Z3_solver_get_model(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return model(ctx(), m); }
        check_result consequences(expr_vector& assumptions, expr_vector& vars, expr_vector& conseq) {
            Z3_lbool r = Z3_solver_get_consequences(ctx(), m_solver, assumptions, vars, conseq);
            check_error();
            return to_check_result(r);
        }
        std::string reason_unknown() const { Z3_string r = Z3_solver_get_reason_unknown(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return r; }
        stats statistics() const { Z3_stats r = Z3_solver_get_statistics(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return stats(ctx(), r); }
        expr_vector unsat_core() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_solver_get_unsat_core(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        expr_vector assertions() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_solver_get_assertions(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        expr_vector non_units() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_solver_get_non_units(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        expr_vector units() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_solver_get_units(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        expr_vector trail() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_solver_get_trail(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        expr_vector trail(array<unsigned>& levels) const { 
            Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_solver_get_trail(ctx(), m_solver); 
            check_error(); 
            expr_vector result(ctx(), r);
            unsigned sz = result.size();
            levels.resize(sz);
            Z3_solver_get_levels(ctx(), m_solver, r, sz, levels.ptr());
            check_error(); 
            return result; 
        }
        expr congruence_root(expr const& t) const {
            check_context(*this, t);
            Z3_ast r = Z3_solver_congruence_root(ctx(), m_solver, t);
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        expr congruence_next(expr const& t) const {
            check_context(*this, t);
            Z3_ast r = Z3_solver_congruence_next(ctx(), m_solver, t);
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        expr congruence_explain(expr const& a, expr const& b) const {
            check_context(*this, a);
            check_context(*this, b);
            Z3_ast r = Z3_solver_congruence_explain(ctx(), m_solver, a, b);
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        void set_initial_value(expr const& var, expr const& value) {
            Z3_solver_set_initial_value(ctx(), m_solver, var, value);
            check_error();
        }
        void set_initial_value(expr const& var, int i) {
            set_initial_value(var, ctx().num_val(i, var.get_sort()));
        }
        void set_initial_value(expr const& var, bool b) {
            set_initial_value(var, ctx().bool_val(b));            
        }
 
        void solve_for(expr_vector const& vars, expr_vector& terms, expr_vector& guards) {
            // Create a copy of vars since the C API modifies the variables vector
            expr_vector variables(ctx());
            for (unsigned i = 0; i < vars.size(); ++i) {
                check_context(*this, vars[i]);
                variables.push_back(vars[i]);
            }
            // Clear output vectors before calling C API
            terms = expr_vector(ctx());
            guards = expr_vector(ctx());
            Z3_solver_solve_for(ctx(), m_solver, variables, terms, guards);
            check_error();
        }
 
        void import_model_converter(solver const& src) {
            check_context(*this, src);
            Z3_solver_import_model_converter(ctx(), src.m_solver, m_solver);
            check_error();
        }
 
        expr proof() const { Z3_ast r = Z3_solver_get_proof(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, solver const & s);
 
        std::string to_smt2(char const* status = "unknown") {
            array<Z3_ast> es(assertions());
            Z3_ast const* fmls = es.ptr();
            Z3_ast fml = 0;
            unsigned sz = es.size();
            if (sz > 0) {
                --sz;
                fml = fmls[sz];
            }
            else {
                fml = ctx().bool_val(true);
            }
            return std::string(Z3_benchmark_to_smtlib_string(
                                   ctx(),
                                   "", "", status, "",
                                   sz,
                                   fmls,
                                   fml));
        }
 
        std::string dimacs(bool include_names = true) const { return std::string(Z3_solver_to_dimacs_string(ctx(), m_solver, include_names)); }
 
        param_descrs get_param_descrs() { return param_descrs(ctx(), Z3_solver_get_param_descrs(ctx(), m_solver)); }
 
 
        expr_vector cube(expr_vector& vars, unsigned cutoff) {
            Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_solver_cube(ctx(), m_solver, vars, cutoff);
            check_error();
            return expr_vector(ctx(), r);
        }
 
        class cube_iterator {
            solver&      m_solver;
            unsigned&    m_cutoff;
            expr_vector& m_vars;
            expr_vector  m_cube;
            bool         m_end;
            bool         m_empty;
 
            void inc() {
                assert(!m_end && !m_empty);
                m_cube = m_solver.cube(m_vars, m_cutoff);
                m_cutoff = 0xFFFFFFFF;
                if (m_cube.size() == 1 && m_cube[0u].is_false()) {
                    m_cube = z3::expr_vector(m_solver.ctx());
                    m_end = true;
                }
                else if (m_cube.empty()) {
                    m_empty = true;
                }
            }
        public:
            cube_iterator(solver& s, expr_vector& vars, unsigned& cutoff, bool end):
                m_solver(s),
                m_cutoff(cutoff),
                m_vars(vars),
                m_cube(s.ctx()),
                m_end(end),
                m_empty(false) {
                if (!m_end) {
                    inc();
                }
            }
 
            cube_iterator& operator++() {
                assert(!m_end);
                if (m_empty) {
                    m_end = true;
                }
                else {
                    inc();
                }
                return *this;
            }
            cube_iterator operator++(int) { assert(false); return *this; }
            expr_vector const * operator->() const { return &(operator*()); }
            expr_vector const& operator*() const noexcept { return m_cube; }
 
            bool operator==(cube_iterator const& other) const noexcept {
                return other.m_end == m_end;
            };
            bool operator!=(cube_iterator const& other) const noexcept {
                return other.m_end != m_end;
            };
 
        };
 
        class cube_generator {
            solver&      m_solver;
            unsigned     m_cutoff;
            expr_vector  m_default_vars;
            expr_vector& m_vars;
        public:
            cube_generator(solver& s):
                m_solver(s),
                m_cutoff(0xFFFFFFFF),
                m_default_vars(s.ctx()),
                m_vars(m_default_vars)
            {}
 
            cube_generator(solver& s, expr_vector& vars):
                m_solver(s),
                m_cutoff(0xFFFFFFFF),
                m_default_vars(s.ctx()),
                m_vars(vars)
            {}
 
            cube_iterator begin() { return cube_iterator(m_solver, m_vars, m_cutoff, false); }
            cube_iterator end() { return cube_iterator(m_solver, m_vars, m_cutoff, true); }
            void set_cutoff(unsigned c) noexcept { m_cutoff = c; }
        };
 
        cube_generator cubes() { return cube_generator(*this); }
        cube_generator cubes(expr_vector& vars) { return cube_generator(*this, vars); }
 
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, solver const & s) { out << Z3_solver_to_string(s.ctx(), s); return out; }
 
    class goal : public object {
        Z3_goal m_goal;
        void init(Z3_goal s) {
            m_goal = s;
            Z3_goal_inc_ref(ctx(), s);
        }
    public:
        goal(context & c, bool models=true, bool unsat_cores=false, bool proofs=false):object(c) { init(Z3_mk_goal(c, models, unsat_cores, proofs)); }
        goal(context & c, Z3_goal s):object(c) { init(s); }
        goal(goal const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_goal); }
        ~goal() override { Z3_goal_dec_ref(ctx(), m_goal); }
        operator Z3_goal() const { return m_goal; }
        goal & operator=(goal const & s) {
            Z3_goal_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_goal);
            Z3_goal_dec_ref(ctx(), m_goal);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_goal = s.m_goal;
            return *this;
        }
        void add(expr const & f) { check_context(*this, f); Z3_goal_assert(ctx(), m_goal, f); check_error(); }
        void add(expr_vector const& v) { check_context(*this, v); for (unsigned i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) add(v[i]); }
        unsigned size() const { return Z3_goal_size(ctx(), m_goal); }
        expr operator[](int i) const { assert(0 <= i); Z3_ast r = Z3_goal_formula(ctx(), m_goal, i); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }
        Z3_goal_prec precision() const { return Z3_goal_precision(ctx(), m_goal); }
        bool inconsistent() const { return Z3_goal_inconsistent(ctx(), m_goal); }
        unsigned depth() const { return Z3_goal_depth(ctx(), m_goal); }
        void reset() { Z3_goal_reset(ctx(), m_goal); }
        unsigned num_exprs() const { return Z3_goal_num_exprs(ctx(), m_goal); }
        bool is_decided_sat() const { return Z3_goal_is_decided_sat(ctx(), m_goal); }
        bool is_decided_unsat() const { return Z3_goal_is_decided_unsat(ctx(), m_goal); }
        model convert_model(model const & m) const {
            check_context(*this, m);
            Z3_model new_m = Z3_goal_convert_model(ctx(), m_goal, m);
            check_error();
            return model(ctx(), new_m);
        }
        model get_model() const {
            Z3_model new_m = Z3_goal_convert_model(ctx(), m_goal, 0);
            check_error();
            return model(ctx(), new_m);
        }
        expr as_expr() const {
            unsigned n = size();
            if (n == 0)
                return ctx().bool_val(true);
            else if (n == 1)
                return operator[](0u);
            else {
                array<Z3_ast> args(n);
                for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i)
                    args[i] = operator[](i);
                return expr(ctx(), Z3_mk_and(ctx(), n, args.ptr()));
            }
        }
        std::string dimacs(bool include_names = true) const { return std::string(Z3_goal_to_dimacs_string(ctx(), m_goal, include_names)); }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, goal const & g);
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, goal const & g) { out << Z3_goal_to_string(g.ctx(), g); return out; }
 
    class apply_result : public object {
        Z3_apply_result m_apply_result;
        void init(Z3_apply_result s) {
            m_apply_result = s;
            Z3_apply_result_inc_ref(ctx(), s);
        }
    public:
        apply_result(context & c, Z3_apply_result s):object(c) { init(s); }
        apply_result(apply_result const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_apply_result); }
        ~apply_result() override { Z3_apply_result_dec_ref(ctx(), m_apply_result); }
        operator Z3_apply_result() const { return m_apply_result; }
        apply_result & operator=(apply_result const & s) {
            Z3_apply_result_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_apply_result);
            Z3_apply_result_dec_ref(ctx(), m_apply_result);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_apply_result = s.m_apply_result;
            return *this;
        }
        unsigned size() const { return Z3_apply_result_get_num_subgoals(ctx(), m_apply_result); }
        goal operator[](int i) const { assert(0 <= i); Z3_goal r = Z3_apply_result_get_subgoal(ctx(), m_apply_result, i); check_error(); return goal(ctx(), r); }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, apply_result const & r);
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, apply_result const & r) { out << Z3_apply_result_to_string(r.ctx(), r); return out; }
 
    class tactic : public object {
        Z3_tactic m_tactic;
        void init(Z3_tactic s) {
            m_tactic = s;
            Z3_tactic_inc_ref(ctx(), s);
        }
    public:
        tactic(context & c, char const * name):object(c) { Z3_tactic r = Z3_mk_tactic(c, name); check_error(); init(r); }
        tactic(context & c, Z3_tactic s):object(c) { init(s); }
        tactic(tactic const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_tactic); }
        ~tactic() override { Z3_tactic_dec_ref(ctx(), m_tactic); }
        operator Z3_tactic() const { return m_tactic; }
        tactic & operator=(tactic const & s) {
            Z3_tactic_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_tactic);
            Z3_tactic_dec_ref(ctx(), m_tactic);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_tactic = s.m_tactic;
            return *this;
        }
        solver mk_solver() const { Z3_solver r = Z3_mk_solver_from_tactic(ctx(), m_tactic); check_error(); return solver(ctx(), r);  }
        apply_result apply(goal const & g) const {
            check_context(*this, g);
            Z3_apply_result r = Z3_tactic_apply(ctx(), m_tactic, g);
            check_error();
            return apply_result(ctx(), r);
        }
        apply_result operator()(goal const & g) const {
            return apply(g);
        }
        std::string help() const { char const * r = Z3_tactic_get_help(ctx(), m_tactic); check_error();  return r; }
        friend tactic operator&(tactic const & t1, tactic const & t2);
        friend tactic operator|(tactic const & t1, tactic const & t2);
        friend tactic repeat(tactic const & t, unsigned max);
        friend tactic with(tactic const & t, params const & p);
        friend tactic try_for(tactic const & t, unsigned ms);
        friend tactic par_or(unsigned n, tactic const* tactics);
        friend tactic par_and_then(tactic const& t1, tactic const& t2);
        param_descrs get_param_descrs() { return param_descrs(ctx(), Z3_tactic_get_param_descrs(ctx(), m_tactic)); }
    };
 
    inline tactic operator&(tactic const & t1, tactic const & t2) {
        check_context(t1, t2);
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_and_then(t1.ctx(), t1, t2);
        t1.check_error();
        return tactic(t1.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline tactic operator|(tactic const & t1, tactic const & t2) {
        check_context(t1, t2);
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_or_else(t1.ctx(), t1, t2);
        t1.check_error();
        return tactic(t1.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline tactic repeat(tactic const & t, unsigned max=UINT_MAX) {
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_repeat(t.ctx(), t, max);
        t.check_error();
        return tactic(t.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline tactic with(tactic const & t, params const & p) {
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_using_params(t.ctx(), t, p);
        t.check_error();
        return tactic(t.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline tactic try_for(tactic const & t, unsigned ms) {
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_try_for(t.ctx(), t, ms);
        t.check_error();
        return tactic(t.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline tactic par_or(unsigned n, tactic const* tactics) {
        if (n == 0) {
            Z3_THROW(exception("a non-zero number of tactics need to be passed to par_or"));
        }
        array<Z3_tactic> buffer(n);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) buffer[i] = tactics[i];
        return tactic(tactics[0u].ctx(), Z3_tactic_par_or(tactics[0u].ctx(), n, buffer.ptr()));
    }
 
    inline tactic par_and_then(tactic const & t1, tactic const & t2) {
        check_context(t1, t2);
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_par_and_then(t1.ctx(), t1, t2);
        t1.check_error();
        return tactic(t1.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    class simplifier : public object {
        Z3_simplifier m_simplifier;
        void init(Z3_simplifier s) {
            m_simplifier = s;
            Z3_simplifier_inc_ref(ctx(), s);
        }
    public:
        simplifier(context & c, char const * name):object(c) { Z3_simplifier r = Z3_mk_simplifier(c, name); check_error(); init(r); }
        simplifier(context & c, Z3_simplifier s):object(c) { init(s); }
        simplifier(simplifier const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_simplifier); }
        ~simplifier() override { Z3_simplifier_dec_ref(ctx(), m_simplifier); }
        operator Z3_simplifier() const { return m_simplifier; }
        simplifier & operator=(simplifier const & s) {
            Z3_simplifier_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_simplifier);
            Z3_simplifier_dec_ref(ctx(), m_simplifier);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_simplifier = s.m_simplifier;
            return *this;
        }
        std::string help() const { char const * r = Z3_simplifier_get_help(ctx(), m_simplifier); check_error();  return r; }
        friend simplifier operator&(simplifier const & t1, simplifier const & t2);
        friend simplifier with(simplifier const & t, params const & p);
        param_descrs get_param_descrs() { return param_descrs(ctx(), Z3_simplifier_get_param_descrs(ctx(), m_simplifier)); }
    };
 
    inline solver::solver(solver const& s, simplifier const& simp):object(s) { init(Z3_solver_add_simplifier(s.ctx(), s, simp)); }
 
 
    inline simplifier operator&(simplifier const & t1, simplifier const & t2) {
        check_context(t1, t2);
        Z3_simplifier r = Z3_simplifier_and_then(t1.ctx(), t1, t2);
        t1.check_error();
        return simplifier(t1.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline simplifier with(simplifier const & t, params const & p) {
        Z3_simplifier r = Z3_simplifier_using_params(t.ctx(), t, p);
        t.check_error();
        return simplifier(t.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    class probe : public object {
        Z3_probe m_probe;
        void init(Z3_probe s) {
            m_probe = s;
            Z3_probe_inc_ref(ctx(), s);
        }
    public:
        probe(context & c, char const * name):object(c) { Z3_probe r = Z3_mk_probe(c, name); check_error(); init(r); }
        probe(context & c, double val):object(c) { Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_const(c, val); check_error(); init(r); }
        probe(context & c, Z3_probe s):object(c) { init(s); }
        probe(probe const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_probe); }
        ~probe() override { Z3_probe_dec_ref(ctx(), m_probe); }
        operator Z3_probe() const { return m_probe; }
        probe & operator=(probe const & s) {
            Z3_probe_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_probe);
            Z3_probe_dec_ref(ctx(), m_probe);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_probe = s.m_probe;
            return *this;
        }
        double apply(goal const & g) const { double r = Z3_probe_apply(ctx(), m_probe, g); check_error(); return r; }
        double operator()(goal const & g) const { return apply(g); }
        friend probe operator<=(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator<=(probe const & p1, double p2);
        friend probe operator<=(double p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator>=(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator>=(probe const & p1, double p2);
        friend probe operator>=(double p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator<(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator<(probe const & p1, double p2);
        friend probe operator<(double p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator>(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator>(probe const & p1, double p2);
        friend probe operator>(double p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator==(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator==(probe const & p1, double p2);
        friend probe operator==(double p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator&&(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator||(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator!(probe const & p);
    };
 
    inline probe operator<=(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_le(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator<=(probe const & p1, double p2) { return p1 <= probe(p1.ctx(), p2); }
    inline probe operator<=(double p1, probe const & p2) { return probe(p2.ctx(), p1) <= p2; }
    inline probe operator>=(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_ge(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator>=(probe const & p1, double p2) { return p1 >= probe(p1.ctx(), p2); }
    inline probe operator>=(double p1, probe const & p2) { return probe(p2.ctx(), p1) >= p2; }
    inline probe operator<(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_lt(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator<(probe const & p1, double p2) { return p1 < probe(p1.ctx(), p2); }
    inline probe operator<(double p1, probe const & p2) { return probe(p2.ctx(), p1) < p2; }
    inline probe operator>(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_gt(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator>(probe const & p1, double p2) { return p1 > probe(p1.ctx(), p2); }
    inline probe operator>(double p1, probe const & p2) { return probe(p2.ctx(), p1) > p2; }
    inline probe operator==(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_eq(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator==(probe const & p1, double p2) { return p1 == probe(p1.ctx(), p2); }
    inline probe operator==(double p1, probe const & p2) { return probe(p2.ctx(), p1) == p2; }
    inline probe operator&&(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_and(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator||(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_or(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator!(probe const & p) {
        Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_not(p.ctx(), p); p.check_error(); return probe(p.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    class optimize : public object {
        Z3_optimize m_opt;
 
    public:
        struct translate {};
        class handle final {
            unsigned m_h;
        public:
            handle(unsigned h): m_h(h) {}
            unsigned h() const { return m_h; }
        };
        optimize(context& c):object(c) { m_opt = Z3_mk_optimize(c); Z3_optimize_inc_ref(c, m_opt); }
        optimize(context & c, optimize const& src, translate): object(c) { 
            Z3_optimize o = Z3_optimize_translate(src.ctx(), src, c); 
            check_error(); 
            m_opt = o; 
            Z3_optimize_inc_ref(c, m_opt); 
        }
        optimize(optimize const & o):object(o), m_opt(o.m_opt) {
            Z3_optimize_inc_ref(o.ctx(), o.m_opt);
        }
        optimize(context& c, optimize& src):object(c) {
            m_opt = Z3_mk_optimize(c); 
            Z3_optimize_inc_ref(c, m_opt);
            add(expr_vector(c, src.assertions()));
            expr_vector v(c, src.objectives());
            for (expr_vector::iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); ++it) minimize(*it);
        }
        optimize& operator=(optimize const& o) {
            Z3_optimize_inc_ref(o.ctx(), o.m_opt);
            Z3_optimize_dec_ref(ctx(), m_opt);
            m_opt = o.m_opt;
            object::operator=(o);
            return *this;
        }
        ~optimize() override { Z3_optimize_dec_ref(ctx(), m_opt); }
        operator Z3_optimize() const { return m_opt; }
        void add(expr const& e) {
            assert(e.is_bool());
            Z3_optimize_assert(ctx(), m_opt, e);
        }
        void add(expr_vector const& es) {
            for (expr_vector::iterator it = es.begin(); it != es.end(); ++it) add(*it);
        }
        void add(expr const& e, expr const& t) {
            assert(e.is_bool());
            Z3_optimize_assert_and_track(ctx(), m_opt, e, t);
        }
        void add(expr const& e, char const* p) {
            assert(e.is_bool());
            add(e, ctx().bool_const(p));
        }
        handle add_soft(expr const& e, unsigned weight) {
            assert(e.is_bool());
            auto str = std::to_string(weight);
            return handle(Z3_optimize_assert_soft(ctx(), m_opt, e, str.c_str(), 0));
        }
        handle add_soft(expr const& e, char const* weight) {
            assert(e.is_bool());
            return handle(Z3_optimize_assert_soft(ctx(), m_opt, e, weight, 0));
        }
        handle add(expr const& e, unsigned weight) {
            return add_soft(e, weight);
        }
        void set_initial_value(expr const& var, expr const& value) {
            Z3_optimize_set_initial_value(ctx(), m_opt, var, value);
            check_error();
        }
        void set_initial_value(expr const& var, int i) {
            set_initial_value(var, ctx().num_val(i, var.get_sort()));
        }
        void set_initial_value(expr const& var, bool b) {
            set_initial_value(var, ctx().bool_val(b));            
        }
 
        handle maximize(expr const& e) {
            return handle(Z3_optimize_maximize(ctx(), m_opt, e));
        }
        handle minimize(expr const& e) {
            return handle(Z3_optimize_minimize(ctx(), m_opt, e));
        }
        void push() {
            Z3_optimize_push(ctx(), m_opt);
        }
        void pop() {
            Z3_optimize_pop(ctx(), m_opt);
        }
        check_result check() { Z3_lbool r = Z3_optimize_check(ctx(), m_opt, 0, 0); check_error(); return to_check_result(r); }
        check_result check(expr_vector const& asms) {
            unsigned n = asms.size();
            array<Z3_ast> _asms(n);
            for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
                check_context(*this, asms[i]);
                _asms[i] = asms[i];
            }
            Z3_lbool r = Z3_optimize_check(ctx(), m_opt, n, _asms.ptr());
            check_error();
            return to_check_result(r);
        }
        model get_model() const { Z3_model m = Z3_optimize_get_model(ctx(), m_opt); check_error(); return model(ctx(), m); }
        expr_vector unsat_core() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_optimize_get_unsat_core(ctx(), m_opt); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        void set(params const & p) { Z3_optimize_set_params(ctx(), m_opt, p); check_error(); }
        expr lower(handle const& h) {
            Z3_ast r = Z3_optimize_get_lower(ctx(), m_opt, h.h());
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        expr upper(handle const& h) {
            Z3_ast r = Z3_optimize_get_upper(ctx(), m_opt, h.h());
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        expr_vector assertions() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_optimize_get_assertions(ctx(), m_opt); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        expr_vector objectives() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_optimize_get_objectives(ctx(), m_opt); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        stats statistics() const { Z3_stats r = Z3_optimize_get_statistics(ctx(), m_opt); check_error(); return stats(ctx(), r); }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, optimize const & s);
        void from_file(char const* filename) { Z3_optimize_from_file(ctx(), m_opt, filename); check_error(); }
        void from_string(char const* constraints) { Z3_optimize_from_string(ctx(), m_opt, constraints); check_error(); }
        std::string help() const { char const * r = Z3_optimize_get_help(ctx(), m_opt); check_error();  return r; }
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, optimize const & s) { out << Z3_optimize_to_string(s.ctx(), s.m_opt); return out; }
 
    class fixedpoint : public object {
        Z3_fixedpoint m_fp;
    public:
        fixedpoint(context& c):object(c) { m_fp = Z3_mk_fixedpoint(c); Z3_fixedpoint_inc_ref(c, m_fp); }
        fixedpoint(fixedpoint const & o):object(o), m_fp(o.m_fp) { Z3_fixedpoint_inc_ref(ctx(), m_fp); }
        ~fixedpoint() override { Z3_fixedpoint_dec_ref(ctx(), m_fp); }
        fixedpoint & operator=(fixedpoint const & o) {
            Z3_fixedpoint_inc_ref(o.ctx(), o.m_fp);
            Z3_fixedpoint_dec_ref(ctx(), m_fp);
            m_fp = o.m_fp;
            object::operator=(o);
            return *this;
        }
        operator Z3_fixedpoint() const { return m_fp; }
        expr_vector from_string(char const* s) { 
            Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_fixedpoint_from_string(ctx(), m_fp, s); 
            check_error(); 
            return expr_vector(ctx(), r);
        }
        expr_vector from_file(char const* s) { 
            Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_fixedpoint_from_file(ctx(), m_fp, s); 
            check_error(); 
            return expr_vector(ctx(), r);
        }
        void add_rule(expr& rule, symbol const& name) { Z3_fixedpoint_add_rule(ctx(), m_fp, rule, name); check_error(); }
        void add_fact(func_decl& f, unsigned * args) { Z3_fixedpoint_add_fact(ctx(), m_fp, f, f.arity(), args); check_error(); }
        check_result query(expr& q) { Z3_lbool r = Z3_fixedpoint_query(ctx(), m_fp, q); check_error(); return to_check_result(r); }
        check_result query(func_decl_vector& relations) {
            array<Z3_func_decl> rs(relations);
            Z3_lbool r = Z3_fixedpoint_query_relations(ctx(), m_fp, rs.size(), rs.ptr());
            check_error();
            return to_check_result(r);
        }
        expr get_answer() { Z3_ast r = Z3_fixedpoint_get_answer(ctx(), m_fp); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }
        std::string reason_unknown() { return Z3_fixedpoint_get_reason_unknown(ctx(), m_fp); }
        void update_rule(expr& rule, symbol const& name) { Z3_fixedpoint_update_rule(ctx(), m_fp, rule, name); check_error(); }
        unsigned get_num_levels(func_decl& p) { unsigned r = Z3_fixedpoint_get_num_levels(ctx(), m_fp, p); check_error(); return r; }
        expr get_cover_delta(int level, func_decl& p) {
            Z3_ast r = Z3_fixedpoint_get_cover_delta(ctx(), m_fp, level, p);
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        void add_cover(int level, func_decl& p, expr& property) { Z3_fixedpoint_add_cover(ctx(), m_fp, level, p, property); check_error();  }
        stats statistics() const { Z3_stats r = Z3_fixedpoint_get_statistics(ctx(), m_fp); check_error(); return stats(ctx(), r); }
        void register_relation(func_decl& p) { Z3_fixedpoint_register_relation(ctx(), m_fp, p); }
        expr_vector assertions() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_fixedpoint_get_assertions(ctx(), m_fp); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        expr_vector rules() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_fixedpoint_get_rules(ctx(), m_fp); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        void set(params const & p) { Z3_fixedpoint_set_params(ctx(), m_fp, p); check_error(); }
        std::string help() const { return Z3_fixedpoint_get_help(ctx(), m_fp); }
        param_descrs get_param_descrs() { return param_descrs(ctx(), Z3_fixedpoint_get_param_descrs(ctx(), m_fp)); }
        std::string to_string() { return Z3_fixedpoint_to_string(ctx(), m_fp, 0, 0); }
        std::string to_string(expr_vector const& queries) {
            array<Z3_ast> qs(queries);
            return Z3_fixedpoint_to_string(ctx(), m_fp, qs.size(), qs.ptr());
        }
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, fixedpoint const & f) { return out << Z3_fixedpoint_to_string(f.ctx(), f, 0, 0); }
 
    inline tactic fail_if(probe const & p) {
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_fail_if(p.ctx(), p);
        p.check_error();
        return tactic(p.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline tactic when(probe const & p, tactic const & t) {
        check_context(p, t);
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_when(t.ctx(), p, t);
        t.check_error();
        return tactic(t.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline tactic cond(probe const & p, tactic const & t1, tactic const & t2) {
        check_context(p, t1); check_context(p, t2);
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_cond(t1.ctx(), p, t1, t2);
        t1.check_error();
        return tactic(t1.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline symbol context::str_symbol(char const * s) { Z3_symbol r = Z3_mk_string_symbol(m_ctx, s); check_error(); return symbol(*this, r); }
    inline symbol context::int_symbol(int n) { Z3_symbol r = Z3_mk_int_symbol(m_ctx, n); check_error(); return symbol(*this, r); }
 
    inline sort context::bool_sort() { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_bool_sort(m_ctx); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::int_sort() { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_int_sort(m_ctx); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::real_sort() { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_real_sort(m_ctx); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::bv_sort(unsigned sz) { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_bv_sort(m_ctx, sz); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::string_sort() { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_string_sort(m_ctx); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::char_sort() { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_char_sort(m_ctx); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::seq_sort(sort& s) { Z3_sort r = Z3_mk_seq_sort(m_ctx, s); check_error(); return sort(*this, r); }
    inline sort context::re_sort(sort& s) { Z3_sort r = Z3_mk_re_sort(m_ctx, s); check_error(); return sort(*this, r); }
    inline sort context::finite_set_sort(sort& s) { Z3_sort r = Z3_mk_finite_set_sort(m_ctx, s); check_error(); return sort(*this, r); }
    inline sort context::fpa_sort(unsigned ebits, unsigned sbits) { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_fpa_sort(m_ctx, ebits, sbits); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
 
    template<>
    inline sort context::fpa_sort<16>() { return fpa_sort(5, 11); }
 
    template<>
    inline sort context::fpa_sort<32>() { return fpa_sort(8, 24); }
 
    template<>
    inline sort context::fpa_sort<64>() { return fpa_sort(11, 53); }
 
    template<>
    inline sort context::fpa_sort<128>() { return fpa_sort(15, 113); }
 
    inline sort context::fpa_rounding_mode_sort() { Z3_sort r = Z3_mk_fpa_rounding_mode_sort(m_ctx); check_error(); return sort(*this, r); }
 
    inline sort context::array_sort(sort d, sort r) { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_array_sort(m_ctx, d, r); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::array_sort(sort_vector const& d, sort r) {
        array<Z3_sort> dom(d);
        Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_array_sort_n(m_ctx, dom.size(), dom.ptr(), r); check_error(); return sort(*this, s);
    }
    inline sort context::enumeration_sort(char const * name, unsigned n, char const * const * enum_names, func_decl_vector & cs, func_decl_vector & ts) {
        array<Z3_symbol> _enum_names(n);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) { _enum_names[i] = Z3_mk_string_symbol(*this, enum_names[i]); }
        array<Z3_func_decl> _cs(n);
        array<Z3_func_decl> _ts(n);
        Z3_symbol _name = Z3_mk_string_symbol(*this, name);
        sort s = to_sort(*this, Z3_mk_enumeration_sort(*this, _name, n, _enum_names.ptr(), _cs.ptr(), _ts.ptr()));
        check_error();
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) { cs.push_back(func_decl(*this, _cs[i])); ts.push_back(func_decl(*this, _ts[i])); }
        return s;
    }
    inline func_decl context::tuple_sort(char const * name, unsigned n, char const * const * names, sort const* sorts, func_decl_vector & projs) {
        array<Z3_symbol> _names(n);
        array<Z3_sort> _sorts(n);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) { _names[i] = Z3_mk_string_symbol(*this, names[i]); _sorts[i] = sorts[i]; }
        array<Z3_func_decl> _projs(n);
        Z3_symbol _name = Z3_mk_string_symbol(*this, name);
        Z3_func_decl tuple;
        sort _ignore_s = to_sort(*this, Z3_mk_tuple_sort(*this, _name, n, _names.ptr(), _sorts.ptr(), &tuple, _projs.ptr()));
        check_error();
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) { projs.push_back(func_decl(*this, _projs[i])); }
        return func_decl(*this, tuple);
    }
 
    class constructor_list {
        context& ctx;
        Z3_constructor_list clist;
    public:
        constructor_list(constructors const& cs);
        ~constructor_list() { Z3_del_constructor_list(ctx, clist); }
        operator Z3_constructor_list() const { return clist; }
    };
    
    class constructors {
        friend class constructor_list;
        context&       ctx;
        std::vector<Z3_constructor> cons;
        std::vector<unsigned> num_fields;
    public:
        constructors(context& ctx): ctx(ctx) {}
                
        ~constructors() {
            for (auto con : cons)
                Z3_del_constructor(ctx, con);           
        }
 
        void add(symbol const& name, symbol const& rec, unsigned n, symbol const* names, sort const* fields) {
            array<unsigned> sort_refs(n);
            array<Z3_sort> sorts(n);
            array<Z3_symbol> _names(n);            
            for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) sorts[i] = fields[i], _names[i] = names[i];
            cons.push_back(Z3_mk_constructor(ctx, name, rec, n, _names.ptr(), sorts.ptr(), sort_refs.ptr()));
            num_fields.push_back(n);
        }
 
        Z3_constructor operator[](unsigned i) const { return cons[i]; }
 
        unsigned size() const { return (unsigned)cons.size(); }
        
        void query(unsigned i, func_decl& constructor, func_decl& test, func_decl_vector& accs) {
            Z3_func_decl _constructor;
            Z3_func_decl _test;
            array<Z3_func_decl> accessors(num_fields[i]);
            accs.resize(0);
            Z3_query_constructor(ctx,
                                 cons[i],
                                 num_fields[i],
                                 &_constructor,
                                 &_test,
                                 accessors.ptr());
            constructor = func_decl(ctx, _constructor);
 
            test = func_decl(ctx, _test);
            for (unsigned j = 0; j < num_fields[i]; ++j)
                accs.push_back(func_decl(ctx, accessors[j]));
        }
    };
    
    inline constructor_list::constructor_list(constructors const& cs): ctx(cs.ctx) {
        array<Z3_constructor> cons(cs.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < cs.size(); ++i)
            cons[i] = cs[i];
        clist = Z3_mk_constructor_list(ctx, cs.size(), cons.ptr());
    }
 
    inline sort context::datatype(symbol const& name, constructors const& cs) {
        array<Z3_constructor> _cs(cs.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < cs.size(); ++i) _cs[i] = cs[i];
        Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_datatype(*this, name, cs.size(), _cs.ptr());
        check_error();
        return sort(*this, s);
    }
 
    inline sort context::datatype(symbol const &name, sort_vector const& params, constructors const &cs) {
        array<Z3_sort> _params(params);
        array<Z3_constructor> _cs(cs.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < cs.size(); ++i)
            _cs[i] = cs[i];
        Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_polymorphic_datatype(*this, name, _params.size(), _params.ptr(), cs.size(), _cs.ptr());
        check_error();
        return sort(*this, s);
    }
 
    inline sort_vector context::datatypes(
        unsigned n, symbol const* names,
        constructor_list *const* cons) {
        sort_vector result(*this);
        array<Z3_symbol> _names(n);
        array<Z3_sort> _sorts(n);
        array<Z3_constructor_list> _cons(n);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i)
            _names[i] = names[i], _cons[i] = *cons[i];
        Z3_mk_datatypes(*this, n, _names.ptr(), _sorts.ptr(), _cons.ptr());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i)
            result.push_back(sort(*this, _sorts[i]));
        return result;
    }
 
 
    inline sort context::datatype_sort(symbol const& name) {
        Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_datatype_sort(*this, name, 0, nullptr);
        check_error();
        return sort(*this, s);            
    }
 
    inline sort context::datatype_sort(symbol const& name, sort_vector const& params) {
        array<Z3_sort> _params(params);
        Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_datatype_sort(*this, name, _params.size(), _params.ptr());
        check_error();
        return sort(*this, s);            
    }
 
 
    inline sort context::uninterpreted_sort(char const* name) {
        Z3_symbol _name = Z3_mk_string_symbol(*this, name);
        return to_sort(*this, Z3_mk_uninterpreted_sort(*this, _name));
    }
    inline sort context::uninterpreted_sort(symbol const& name) {
        return to_sort(*this, Z3_mk_uninterpreted_sort(*this, name));
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::function(symbol const & name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        array<Z3_sort> args(arity);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < arity; ++i) {
            check_context(domain[i], range);
            args[i] = domain[i];
        }
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, name, arity, args.ptr(), range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        return function(range.ctx().str_symbol(name), arity, domain, range);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::function(symbol const& name, sort_vector const& domain, sort const& range) {
        array<Z3_sort> args(domain.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < domain.size(); ++i) {
            check_context(domain[i], range);
            args[i] = domain[i];
        }
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, name, domain.size(), args.ptr(), range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, sort_vector const& domain, sort const& range) {
        return function(range.ctx().str_symbol(name), domain, range);
    }
 
 
    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, sort const & domain, sort const & range) {
        check_context(domain, range);
        Z3_sort args[1] = { domain };
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, str_symbol(name), 1, args, range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & range) {
        check_context(d1, range); check_context(d2, range);
        Z3_sort args[2] = { d1, d2 };
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, str_symbol(name), 2, args, range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & range) {
        check_context(d1, range); check_context(d2, range); check_context(d3, range);
        Z3_sort args[3] = { d1, d2, d3 };
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, str_symbol(name), 3, args, range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & d4, sort const & range) {
        check_context(d1, range); check_context(d2, range); check_context(d3, range); check_context(d4, range);
        Z3_sort args[4] = { d1, d2, d3, d4 };
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, str_symbol(name), 4, args, range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & d4, sort const & d5, sort const & range) {
        check_context(d1, range); check_context(d2, range); check_context(d3, range); check_context(d4, range); check_context(d5, range);
        Z3_sort args[5] = { d1, d2, d3, d4, d5 };
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, str_symbol(name), 5, args, range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::recfun(symbol const & name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        array<Z3_sort> args(arity);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < arity; ++i) {
            check_context(domain[i], range);
            args[i] = domain[i];
        }
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_rec_func_decl(m_ctx, name, arity, args.ptr(), range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
 
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::recfun(symbol const & name, sort_vector const& domain, sort const & range) {
        check_context(domain, range);
        array<Z3_sort> domain1(domain);
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_rec_func_decl(m_ctx, name, domain1.size(), domain1.ptr(), range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::recfun(char const * name, sort_vector const& domain, sort const & range) {
        return recfun(str_symbol(name), domain, range);
 
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::recfun(char const * name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        return recfun(str_symbol(name), arity, domain, range);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::recfun(char const * name, sort const& d1, sort const & range) {
        return recfun(str_symbol(name), 1, &d1, range);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::recfun(char const * name, sort const& d1, sort const& d2, sort const & range) {
        sort dom[2] = { d1, d2 };
        return recfun(str_symbol(name), 2, dom, range);
    }
 
    inline void context::recdef(func_decl f, expr_vector const& args, expr const& body) {
        check_context(f, args); check_context(f, body);
        array<Z3_ast> vars(args);
        Z3_add_rec_def(f.ctx(), f, vars.size(), vars.ptr(), body);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::user_propagate_function(symbol const& name, sort_vector const& domain, sort const& range) {
        check_context(domain, range);
        array<Z3_sort> domain1(domain);
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_solver_propagate_declare(range.ctx(), name, domain1.size(), domain1.ptr(), range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }
 
    inline expr context::constant(symbol const & name, sort const & s) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_const(m_ctx, name, s);
        check_error();
        return expr(*this, r);
    }
    inline expr context::constant(char const * name, sort const & s) { return constant(str_symbol(name), s); }
    inline expr context::variable(unsigned idx, sort const& s) { 
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bound(m_ctx, idx, s);
        check_error();
        return expr(*this, r);
    }
    inline expr context::bool_const(char const * name) { return constant(name, bool_sort()); }
    inline expr context::int_const(char const * name) { return constant(name, int_sort()); }
    inline expr context::real_const(char const * name) { return constant(name, real_sort()); }
    inline expr context::string_const(char const * name) { return constant(name, string_sort()); }
    inline expr context::bv_const(char const * name, unsigned sz) { return constant(name, bv_sort(sz)); }
    inline expr context::fpa_const(char const * name, unsigned ebits, unsigned sbits) { return constant(name, fpa_sort(ebits, sbits)); }
 
    template<size_t precision>
    inline expr context::fpa_const(char const * name) { return constant(name, fpa_sort<precision>()); }
 
    inline void context::set_rounding_mode(rounding_mode rm) { m_rounding_mode = rm; }
 
    inline expr context::fpa_rounding_mode() {
        switch (m_rounding_mode) {
        case RNA: return expr(*this, Z3_mk_fpa_rna(m_ctx));
        case RNE: return expr(*this, Z3_mk_fpa_rne(m_ctx));
        case RTP: return expr(*this, Z3_mk_fpa_rtp(m_ctx));
        case RTN: return expr(*this, Z3_mk_fpa_rtn(m_ctx));
        case RTZ: return expr(*this, Z3_mk_fpa_rtz(m_ctx));
        default: return expr(*this);
        }
    }
 
    inline expr context::bool_val(bool b) { return b ? expr(*this, Z3_mk_true(m_ctx)) : expr(*this, Z3_mk_false(m_ctx)); }
 
    inline expr context::int_val(int n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int(m_ctx, n, int_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::int_val(unsigned n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_unsigned_int(m_ctx, n, int_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::int_val(int64_t n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int64(m_ctx, n, int_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::int_val(uint64_t n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_unsigned_int64(m_ctx, n, int_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::int_val(char const * n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_numeral(m_ctx, n, int_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
 
    inline expr context::real_val(int64_t n, int64_t d) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_real_int64(m_ctx, n, d); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::real_val(int n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int(m_ctx, n, real_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::real_val(unsigned n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_unsigned_int(m_ctx, n, real_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::real_val(int64_t n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int64(m_ctx, n, real_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::real_val(uint64_t n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_unsigned_int64(m_ctx, n, real_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::real_val(char const * n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_numeral(m_ctx, n, real_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
 
    inline expr context::bv_val(int n, unsigned sz) { sort s = bv_sort(sz); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int(m_ctx, n, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::bv_val(unsigned n, unsigned sz) { sort s = bv_sort(sz); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_unsigned_int(m_ctx, n, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::bv_val(int64_t n, unsigned sz) { sort s = bv_sort(sz); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int64(m_ctx, n, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::bv_val(uint64_t n, unsigned sz) { sort s = bv_sort(sz); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_unsigned_int64(m_ctx, n, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::bv_val(char const * n, unsigned sz) { sort s = bv_sort(sz); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_numeral(m_ctx, n, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::bv_val(unsigned n, bool const* bits) {
        array<bool> _bits(n);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) _bits[i] = bits[i] ? 1 : 0;
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bv_numeral(m_ctx, n, _bits.ptr()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r);
    }
 
    inline expr context::fpa_val(double n) { sort s = fpa_sort<64>(); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_numeral_double(m_ctx, n, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::fpa_val(float n) { sort s = fpa_sort<32>(); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_numeral_float(m_ctx, n, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::fpa_nan(sort const & s) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_nan(m_ctx, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::fpa_inf(sort const & s, bool sgn) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_inf(m_ctx, s, sgn); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
 
    inline expr context::string_val(char const* s, unsigned n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_lstring(m_ctx, n, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::string_val(char const* s) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_string(m_ctx, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::string_val(std::string const& s) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_string(m_ctx, s.c_str()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::string_val(std::u32string const& s) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_u32string(m_ctx, (unsigned)s.size(), (unsigned const*)s.c_str()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
 
    inline expr context::num_val(int n, sort const & s) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int(m_ctx, n, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
 
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(unsigned n, expr const * args) const {
        array<Z3_ast> _args(n);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            check_context(*this, args[i]);
            _args[i] = args[i];
        }
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, n, _args.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
 
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr_vector const& args) const {
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < args.size(); ++i) {
            check_context(*this, args[i]);
            _args[i] = args[i];
        }
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, args.size(), _args.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()() const {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 0, 0);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr const & a) const {
        check_context(*this, a);
        Z3_ast args[1] = { a };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 1, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(int a) const {
        Z3_ast args[1] = { ctx().num_val(a, domain(0)) };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 1, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr const & a1, expr const & a2) const {
        check_context(*this, a1); check_context(*this, a2);
        Z3_ast args[2] = { a1, a2 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 2, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr const & a1, int a2) const {
        check_context(*this, a1);
        Z3_ast args[2] = { a1, ctx().num_val(a2, domain(1)) };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 2, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(int a1, expr const & a2) const {
        check_context(*this, a2);
        Z3_ast args[2] = { ctx().num_val(a1, domain(0)), a2 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 2, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr const & a1, expr const & a2, expr const & a3) const {
        check_context(*this, a1); check_context(*this, a2); check_context(*this, a3);
        Z3_ast args[3] = { a1, a2, a3 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 3, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr const & a1, expr const & a2, expr const & a3, expr const & a4) const {
        check_context(*this, a1); check_context(*this, a2); check_context(*this, a3); check_context(*this, a4);
        Z3_ast args[4] = { a1, a2, a3, a4 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 4, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr const & a1, expr const & a2, expr const & a3, expr const & a4, expr const & a5) const {
        check_context(*this, a1); check_context(*this, a2); check_context(*this, a3); check_context(*this, a4); check_context(*this, a5);
        Z3_ast args[5] = { a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 5, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr to_real(expr const & a) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int2real(a.ctx(), a); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
 
    inline func_decl function(symbol const & name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, arity, domain, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const * name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, arity, domain, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & domain, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, domain, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, d1, d2, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, d1, d2, d3, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & d4, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, d1, d2, d3, d4, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & d4, sort const & d5, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const* name, sort_vector const& domain, sort const& range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, domain, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(std::string const& name, sort_vector const& domain, sort const& range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name.c_str(), domain, range);
    }
 
    inline func_decl recfun(symbol const & name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().recfun(name, arity, domain, range);
    }
    inline func_decl recfun(char const * name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().recfun(name, arity, domain, range);
    }
    inline func_decl recfun(char const * name, sort const& d1, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().recfun(name, d1, range);
    }
    inline func_decl recfun(char const * name, sort const& d1, sort const& d2, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().recfun(name, d1, d2, range);
    }
 
    inline expr select(expr const & a, expr const & i) {
        check_context(a, i);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_select(a.ctx(), a, i);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr select(expr const & a, int i) {
        return select(a, a.ctx().num_val(i, a.get_sort().array_domain()));
    }
    inline expr select(expr const & a, expr_vector const & i) {
        check_context(a, i);
        array<Z3_ast> idxs(i);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_select_n(a.ctx(), a, idxs.size(), idxs.ptr());
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr store(expr const & a, expr const & i, expr const & v) {
        check_context(a, i); check_context(a, v);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_store(a.ctx(), a, i, v);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr store(expr const & a, int i, expr const & v) { return store(a, a.ctx().num_val(i, a.get_sort().array_domain()), v); }
    inline expr store(expr const & a, expr i, int v) { return store(a, i, a.ctx().num_val(v, a.get_sort().array_range())); }
    inline expr store(expr const & a, int i, int v) {
        return store(a, a.ctx().num_val(i, a.get_sort().array_domain()), a.ctx().num_val(v, a.get_sort().array_range()));
    }
    inline expr store(expr const & a, expr_vector const & i, expr const & v) {
        check_context(a, i); check_context(a, v);
        array<Z3_ast> idxs(i);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_store_n(a.ctx(), a, idxs.size(), idxs.ptr(), v);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr as_array(func_decl & f) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_as_array(f.ctx(), f);
        f.check_error();
        return expr(f.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr array_default(expr const & a) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_array_default(a.ctx(), a);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr array_ext(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_array_ext(a.ctx(), a, b);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
#define MK_EXPR1(_fn, _arg)                     \
    Z3_ast r = _fn(_arg.ctx(), _arg);           \
    _arg.check_error();                         \
    return expr(_arg.ctx(), r);
 
#define MK_EXPR2(_fn, _arg1, _arg2)             \
    check_context(_arg1, _arg2);                \
    Z3_ast r = _fn(_arg1.ctx(), _arg1, _arg2);  \
    _arg1.check_error();                        \
    return expr(_arg1.ctx(), r);
 
    inline expr const_array(sort const & d, expr const & v) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_const_array, d, v);
    }
 
    inline expr empty_set(sort const& s) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_empty_set, s);
    }
 
    inline expr full_set(sort const& s) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_full_set, s);
    }
 
    inline expr set_add(expr const& s, expr const& e) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_set_add, s, e);
    }
 
    inline expr set_del(expr const& s, expr const& e) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_set_del, s, e);
    }
 
    inline expr set_union(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast es[2] = { a, b };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_set_union(a.ctx(), 2, es);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr set_intersect(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast es[2] = { a, b };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_set_intersect(a.ctx(), 2, es);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr set_difference(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_set_difference, a, b);
    }
 
    inline expr set_complement(expr const& a) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_set_complement, a);
    }
 
    inline expr set_member(expr const& s, expr const& e) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_set_member, s, e);
    }
 
    inline expr set_subset(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_set_subset, a, b);
    }
 
    // finite set operations
 
    inline expr finite_set_empty(sort const& s) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_finite_set_empty(s.ctx(), s);
        s.check_error();
        return expr(s.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr finite_set_singleton(expr const& e) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_finite_set_singleton, e);
    }
 
    inline expr finite_set_union(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_finite_set_union, a, b);
    }
 
    inline expr finite_set_intersect(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_finite_set_intersect, a, b);
    }
 
    inline expr finite_set_difference(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_finite_set_difference, a, b);
    }
 
    inline expr finite_set_member(expr const& e, expr const& s) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_finite_set_member, e, s);
    }
 
    inline expr finite_set_size(expr const& s) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_finite_set_size, s);
    }
 
    inline expr finite_set_subset(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_finite_set_subset, a, b);
    }
 
    inline expr finite_set_map(expr const& f, expr const& s) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_finite_set_map, f, s);
    }
 
    inline expr finite_set_filter(expr const& f, expr const& s) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_finite_set_filter, f, s);
    }
 
    inline expr finite_set_range(expr const& low, expr const& high) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_finite_set_range, low, high);
    }
 
    // sequence and regular expression operations.
    // union is +
    // concat is overloaded to handle sequences and regular expressions
 
    inline expr empty(sort const& s) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_empty(s.ctx(), s);
        s.check_error();
        return expr(s.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr suffixof(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_suffix(a.ctx(), a, b);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr prefixof(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_prefix(a.ctx(), a, b);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr indexof(expr const& s, expr const& substr, expr const& offset) {
        check_context(s, substr); check_context(s, offset);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_index(s.ctx(), s, substr, offset);
        s.check_error();
        return expr(s.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr last_indexof(expr const& s, expr const& substr) {
        check_context(s, substr); 
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_last_index(s.ctx(), s, substr);
        s.check_error();
        return expr(s.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr to_re(expr const& s) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_seq_to_re, s);
    }
    inline expr in_re(expr const& s, expr const& re) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_seq_in_re, s, re);
    }
    inline expr plus(expr const& re) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_re_plus, re);
    }
    inline expr option(expr const& re) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_re_option, re);
    }
    inline expr star(expr const& re) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_re_star, re);
    }
    inline expr re_empty(sort const& s) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_re_empty(s.ctx(), s);
        s.check_error();
        return expr(s.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr re_full(sort const& s) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_re_full(s.ctx(), s);
        s.check_error();
        return expr(s.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr re_intersect(expr_vector const& args) {
        assert(args.size() > 0);
        context& ctx = args[0u].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_re_intersect(ctx, _args.size(), _args.ptr());
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
    inline expr re_diff(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        context& ctx = a.ctx();
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_re_diff(ctx, a, b);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
    inline expr re_complement(expr const& a) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_re_complement, a);
    }
    inline expr range(expr const& lo, expr const& hi) {
        check_context(lo, hi);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_re_range(lo.ctx(), lo, hi);
        lo.check_error();
        return expr(lo.ctx(), r);
    }
 
 
 
 
 
    inline expr_vector context::parse_string(char const* s) {
        Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_parse_smtlib2_string(*this, s, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
        check_error();
        return expr_vector(*this, r);
 
    }
    inline expr_vector context::parse_file(char const* s) {
        Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_parse_smtlib2_file(*this, s, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
        check_error();
        return expr_vector(*this, r);
    }
 
    inline expr_vector context::parse_string(char const* s, sort_vector const& sorts, func_decl_vector const& decls) {
        array<Z3_symbol> sort_names(sorts.size());
        array<Z3_symbol> decl_names(decls.size());
        array<Z3_sort>   sorts1(sorts);
        array<Z3_func_decl> decls1(decls);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < sorts.size(); ++i) {
            sort_names[i] = sorts[i].name();
        }
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < decls.size(); ++i) {
            decl_names[i] = decls[i].name();
        }
 
        Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_parse_smtlib2_string(*this, s, sorts.size(), sort_names.ptr(), sorts1.ptr(), decls.size(), decl_names.ptr(), decls1.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr_vector(*this, r);
    }
 
    inline expr_vector context::parse_file(char const* s, sort_vector const& sorts, func_decl_vector const& decls) {
        array<Z3_symbol> sort_names(sorts.size());
        array<Z3_symbol> decl_names(decls.size());
        array<Z3_sort>   sorts1(sorts);
        array<Z3_func_decl> decls1(decls);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < sorts.size(); ++i) {
            sort_names[i] = sorts[i].name();
        }
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < decls.size(); ++i) {
            decl_names[i] = decls[i].name();
        }
        Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_parse_smtlib2_file(*this, s, sorts.size(), sort_names.ptr(), sorts1.ptr(), decls.size(), decl_names.ptr(), decls1.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr_vector(*this, r);
    }
 
    inline func_decl_vector sort::constructors() {
        assert(is_datatype()); 
        func_decl_vector cs(ctx());
        unsigned n = Z3_get_datatype_sort_num_constructors(ctx(), *this);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) 
            cs.push_back(func_decl(ctx(), Z3_get_datatype_sort_constructor(ctx(), *this, i)));
        return cs;
    }
 
    inline func_decl_vector sort::recognizers() {
        assert(is_datatype()); 
        func_decl_vector rs(ctx());
        unsigned n = Z3_get_datatype_sort_num_constructors(ctx(), *this);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) 
            rs.push_back(func_decl(ctx(), Z3_get_datatype_sort_recognizer(ctx(), *this, i)));
        return rs;
    }
 
    inline func_decl_vector func_decl::accessors() {
        sort s = range();
        assert(s.is_datatype());
        unsigned n = Z3_get_datatype_sort_num_constructors(ctx(), s);
        unsigned idx = 0;
        for (; idx < n; ++idx) {
            func_decl f(ctx(), Z3_get_datatype_sort_constructor(ctx(), s, idx));
            if (id() == f.id())
                break;
        }
        assert(idx < n);
        n = arity();
        func_decl_vector as(ctx());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) 
            as.push_back(func_decl(ctx(), Z3_get_datatype_sort_constructor_accessor(ctx(), s, idx, i)));
        return as;
    }
 
 
    inline expr expr::substitute(expr_vector const& src, expr_vector const& dst) {
        assert(src.size() == dst.size());
        array<Z3_ast> _src(src.size());
        array<Z3_ast> _dst(dst.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < src.size(); ++i) {
            _src[i] = src[i];
            _dst[i] = dst[i];
        }
        Z3_ast r = Z3_substitute(ctx(), m_ast, src.size(), _src.ptr(), _dst.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr expr::substitute(expr_vector const& dst) {
        array<Z3_ast> _dst(dst.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < dst.size(); ++i) {
            _dst[i] = dst[i];
        }
        Z3_ast r = Z3_substitute_vars(ctx(), m_ast, dst.size(), _dst.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr expr::substitute(func_decl_vector const& funs, expr_vector const& dst) {
        array<Z3_ast> _dst(dst.size());
        array<Z3_func_decl> _funs(funs.size());
        if (dst.size() != funs.size()) {
            Z3_THROW(exception("length of argument lists don't align"));
            return expr(ctx(), nullptr);
        }
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < dst.size(); ++i) {
            _dst[i] = dst[i];
            _funs[i] = funs[i];
        }
        Z3_ast r = Z3_substitute_funs(ctx(), m_ast, dst.size(), _funs.ptr(), _dst.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr expr::update(expr_vector const& args) const {
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < args.size(); ++i) {
            _args[i] = args[i];
        }
        Z3_ast r = Z3_update_term(ctx(), m_ast, args.size(), _args.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr expr::update_field(func_decl const& field_access, expr const& new_value) const {
        assert(is_datatype());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_datatype_update_field(ctx(), field_access, m_ast, new_value);
        check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
 
    typedef std::function<void(expr const& proof, std::vector<unsigned> const& deps, expr_vector const& clause)> on_clause_eh_t;
 
    class on_clause {
        context& c;
        on_clause_eh_t m_on_clause;
 
        static void _on_clause_eh(void* _ctx, Z3_ast _proof, unsigned n, unsigned const* dep, Z3_ast_vector _literals) {
            on_clause* ctx = static_cast<on_clause*>(_ctx);
            expr_vector lits(ctx->c, _literals);
            expr proof(ctx->c, _proof);
            std::vector<unsigned> deps;
            for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i)
                deps.push_back(dep[i]);
            ctx->m_on_clause(proof, deps, lits);
        }
    public:
        on_clause(solver& s, on_clause_eh_t& on_clause_eh): c(s.ctx()) {
            m_on_clause = on_clause_eh;
            Z3_solver_register_on_clause(c, s, this, _on_clause_eh);
            c.check_error();
        }        
    };
 
    class user_propagator_base {
 
        typedef std::function<void(expr const&, expr const&)> fixed_eh_t;
        typedef std::function<void(void)> final_eh_t;
        typedef std::function<void(expr const&, expr const&)> eq_eh_t;
        typedef std::function<void(expr const&)> created_eh_t;
        typedef std::function<void(expr, unsigned, bool)> decide_eh_t;
        typedef std::function<bool(expr const&, expr const&)> on_binding_eh_t;
 
        final_eh_t m_final_eh;
        eq_eh_t    m_eq_eh;
        fixed_eh_t m_fixed_eh;
        created_eh_t m_created_eh;
        decide_eh_t m_decide_eh;
        on_binding_eh_t m_on_binding_eh;
        solver*    s;
        context*   c;
        std::vector<z3::context*> subcontexts;
 
        unsigned   m_callbackNesting = 0;
        Z3_solver_callback cb { nullptr };
 
        struct scoped_cb {
            user_propagator_base& p;
            scoped_cb(void* _p, Z3_solver_callback cb):p(*static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p)) {
                p.cb = cb;
                p.m_callbackNesting++;
            }
            ~scoped_cb() {
                if (--p.m_callbackNesting == 0)
                    p.cb = nullptr;
            }
        };
 
        static void push_eh(void* _p, Z3_solver_callback cb) {
            user_propagator_base* p = static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p);
            scoped_cb _cb(p, cb);
            static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(p)->push();
        }
 
        static void pop_eh(void* _p, Z3_solver_callback cb, unsigned num_scopes) {
            user_propagator_base* p = static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p);
            scoped_cb _cb(p, cb);
            static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p)->pop(num_scopes);
        }
 
        static void* fresh_eh(void* _p, Z3_context ctx) {
            user_propagator_base* p = static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p);
            context* c = new context(ctx);
            p->subcontexts.push_back(c);
            return p->fresh(*c);
        }
 
        static void fixed_eh(void* _p, Z3_solver_callback cb, Z3_ast _var, Z3_ast _value) {
            user_propagator_base* p = static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p);
            scoped_cb _cb(p, cb);
            expr value(p->ctx(), _value);
            expr var(p->ctx(), _var);
            p->m_fixed_eh(var, value);
        }
 
        static void eq_eh(void* _p, Z3_solver_callback cb, Z3_ast _x, Z3_ast _y) {
            user_propagator_base* p = static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p);
            scoped_cb _cb(p, cb);
            expr x(p->ctx(), _x), y(p->ctx(), _y);
            p->m_eq_eh(x, y);
        }
 
        static void final_eh(void* p, Z3_solver_callback cb) {
            scoped_cb _cb(p, cb);
            static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(p)->m_final_eh(); 
        }
 
        static void created_eh(void* _p, Z3_solver_callback cb, Z3_ast _e) {
            user_propagator_base* p = static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p);
            scoped_cb _cb(p, cb);
            expr e(p->ctx(), _e);
            p->m_created_eh(e);
        }
        
        static void decide_eh(void* _p, Z3_solver_callback cb, Z3_ast _val, unsigned bit, bool is_pos) {
            user_propagator_base* p = static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p);
            scoped_cb _cb(p, cb);
            expr val(p->ctx(), _val);
            p->m_decide_eh(val, bit, is_pos);
        }
 
        static bool on_binding_eh(void* _p, Z3_solver_callback cb, Z3_ast _q, Z3_ast _inst) {
            user_propagator_base* p = static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p);
            scoped_cb _cb(p, cb);
            expr q(p->ctx(), _q), inst(p->ctx(), _inst);
            return p->m_on_binding_eh(q, inst);
        }
        
    public:
        user_propagator_base(context& c) : s(nullptr), c(&c) {}
        
        user_propagator_base(solver* s): s(s), c(nullptr) {
            Z3_solver_propagate_init(ctx(), *s, this, push_eh, pop_eh, fresh_eh);
        }
 
        virtual void push() = 0;
        virtual void pop(unsigned num_scopes) = 0;
 
        virtual ~user_propagator_base() {
            for (auto& subcontext : subcontexts) {
                subcontext->detach(); // detach first; the subcontexts will be freed internally!
                delete subcontext;
            }
        }
 
        context& ctx() {
            return c ? *c : s->ctx();
        }
 
        virtual user_propagator_base* fresh(context& ctx) = 0;
 
        void register_fixed(fixed_eh_t& f) {
            m_fixed_eh = f;
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_fixed(ctx(), *s, fixed_eh);
            }
        }
 
        void register_fixed() {
            m_fixed_eh = [this](expr const &id, expr const &e) {
                fixed(id, e);
            };
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_fixed(ctx(), *s, fixed_eh);
            }
        }
 
        void register_eq(eq_eh_t& f) {
            m_eq_eh = f;
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_eq(ctx(), *s, eq_eh);
            }
        }
 
        void register_eq() {
            m_eq_eh = [this](expr const& x, expr const& y) {
                eq(x, y);
            };
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_eq(ctx(), *s, eq_eh);
            }
        }
 
        void register_final(final_eh_t& f) {
            m_final_eh = f;
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_final(ctx(), *s, final_eh);
            }
        }
 
        void register_final() {
            m_final_eh = [this]() {
                final();
            };
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_final(ctx(), *s, final_eh);
            }
        }
 
        void register_created(created_eh_t& c) {
            m_created_eh = c;
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_created(ctx(), *s, created_eh);
            }
        }
 
        void register_created() {
            m_created_eh = [this](expr const& e) {
                created(e);
            };
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_created(ctx(), *s, created_eh);
            }
        }
        
        void register_decide(decide_eh_t& c) {
            m_decide_eh = c;
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_decide(ctx(), *s, decide_eh);
            }
        }
 
        void register_decide() {
            m_decide_eh = [this](expr val, unsigned bit, bool is_pos) {
                decide(val, bit, is_pos);
            };
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_decide(ctx(), *s, decide_eh);
            }
        }
 
        void register_on_binding() {
            m_on_binding_eh = [this](expr const& q, expr const& inst) {
                return on_binding(q, inst);
            };
            if (s) 
                Z3_solver_propagate_on_binding(ctx(), *s, on_binding_eh);
        }
 
        virtual void fixed(expr const& /*id*/, expr const& /*e*/) { }
 
        virtual void eq(expr const& /*x*/, expr const& /*y*/) { }
 
        virtual void final() { }
 
        virtual void created(expr const& /*e*/) {}
        
        virtual void decide(expr const& /*val*/, unsigned /*bit*/, bool /*is_pos*/) {}
 
        virtual bool on_binding(expr const& /*q*/, expr const& /*inst*/) { return true; }
 
        bool next_split(expr const& e, unsigned idx, Z3_lbool phase) {
            assert(cb);
            return Z3_solver_next_split(ctx(), cb, e, idx, phase);
        }
 
        void add(expr const& e) {
            if (cb)
                Z3_solver_propagate_register_cb(ctx(), cb, e);
            else if (s)
                Z3_solver_propagate_register(ctx(), *s, e);
            else
                assert(false);
        }
 
        void conflict(expr_vector const& fixed) {
            assert(cb);
            expr conseq = ctx().bool_val(false);
            array<Z3_ast> _fixed(fixed);
            Z3_solver_propagate_consequence(ctx(), cb, fixed.size(), _fixed.ptr(), 0, nullptr, nullptr, conseq);
        }
 
        void conflict(expr_vector const& fixed, expr_vector const& lhs, expr_vector const& rhs) {
            assert(cb);
            assert(lhs.size() == rhs.size());
            expr conseq = ctx().bool_val(false);
            array<Z3_ast> _fixed(fixed);
            array<Z3_ast> _lhs(lhs);
            array<Z3_ast> _rhs(rhs);
            Z3_solver_propagate_consequence(ctx(), cb, fixed.size(), _fixed.ptr(), lhs.size(), _lhs.ptr(), _rhs.ptr(), conseq);
        }
 
        bool propagate(expr_vector const& fixed, expr const& conseq) {
            assert(cb);
            assert((Z3_context)conseq.ctx() == (Z3_context)ctx());
            array<Z3_ast> _fixed(fixed);
            return Z3_solver_propagate_consequence(ctx(), cb, _fixed.size(), _fixed.ptr(), 0, nullptr, nullptr, conseq);
        }
 
        bool propagate(expr_vector const& fixed,
                       expr_vector const& lhs, expr_vector const& rhs,
                       expr const& conseq) {
            assert(cb);
            assert((Z3_context)conseq.ctx() == (Z3_context)ctx());
            assert(lhs.size() == rhs.size());
            array<Z3_ast> _fixed(fixed);
            array<Z3_ast> _lhs(lhs);
            array<Z3_ast> _rhs(rhs);
            
            return Z3_solver_propagate_consequence(ctx(), cb, _fixed.size(), _fixed.ptr(), lhs.size(), _lhs.ptr(), _rhs.ptr(), conseq);
        }
    };
 
    class rcf_num {
        Z3_context m_ctx;
        Z3_rcf_num m_num;
        
        void check_context(rcf_num const& other) const {
            if (m_ctx != other.m_ctx) {
                Z3_THROW(exception("rcf_num objects from different contexts"));
            }
        }
        
    public:
        rcf_num(context& c, Z3_rcf_num n): m_ctx(c), m_num(n) {}
        
        rcf_num(context& c, int val): m_ctx(c) {
            m_num = Z3_rcf_mk_small_int(c, val);
        }
        
        rcf_num(context& c, char const* val): m_ctx(c) {
            m_num = Z3_rcf_mk_rational(c, val);
        }
        
        rcf_num(rcf_num const& other): m_ctx(other.m_ctx) {
            // Create a copy by converting to string and back
            std::string str = Z3_rcf_num_to_string(m_ctx, other.m_num, false, false);
            m_num = Z3_rcf_mk_rational(m_ctx, str.c_str());
        }
        
        rcf_num& operator=(rcf_num const& other) {
            if (this != &other) {
                Z3_rcf_del(m_ctx, m_num);
                m_ctx = other.m_ctx;
                std::string str = Z3_rcf_num_to_string(m_ctx, other.m_num, false, false);
                m_num = Z3_rcf_mk_rational(m_ctx, str.c_str());
            }
            return *this;
        }
        
        ~rcf_num() {
            Z3_rcf_del(m_ctx, m_num);
        }
        
        operator Z3_rcf_num() const { return m_num; }
        Z3_context ctx() const { return m_ctx; }
        
        std::string to_string(bool compact = false) const {
            return std::string(Z3_rcf_num_to_string(m_ctx, m_num, compact, false));
        }
        
        std::string to_decimal(unsigned precision = 10) const {
            return std::string(Z3_rcf_num_to_decimal_string(m_ctx, m_num, precision));
        }
        
        // Arithmetic operations
        rcf_num operator+(rcf_num const& other) const {
            check_context(other);
            return rcf_num(*const_cast<context*>(reinterpret_cast<context const*>(&m_ctx)), 
                          Z3_rcf_add(m_ctx, m_num, other.m_num));
        }
        
        rcf_num operator-(rcf_num const& other) const {
            check_context(other);
            return rcf_num(*const_cast<context*>(reinterpret_cast<context const*>(&m_ctx)), 
                          Z3_rcf_sub(m_ctx, m_num, other.m_num));
        }
        
        rcf_num operator*(rcf_num const& other) const {
            check_context(other);
            return rcf_num(*const_cast<context*>(reinterpret_cast<context const*>(&m_ctx)), 
                          Z3_rcf_mul(m_ctx, m_num, other.m_num));
        }
        
        rcf_num operator/(rcf_num const& other) const {
            check_context(other);
            return rcf_num(*const_cast<context*>(reinterpret_cast<context const*>(&m_ctx)), 
                          Z3_rcf_div(m_ctx, m_num, other.m_num));
        }
        
        rcf_num operator-() const {
            return rcf_num(*const_cast<context*>(reinterpret_cast<context const*>(&m_ctx)), 
                          Z3_rcf_neg(m_ctx, m_num));
        }
        
        rcf_num power(unsigned k) const {
            return rcf_num(*const_cast<context*>(reinterpret_cast<context const*>(&m_ctx)), 
                          Z3_rcf_power(m_ctx, m_num, k));
        }
        
        rcf_num inv() const {
            return rcf_num(*const_cast<context*>(reinterpret_cast<context const*>(&m_ctx)), 
                          Z3_rcf_inv(m_ctx, m_num));
        }
        
        // Comparison operations
        bool operator<(rcf_num const& other) const {
            check_context(other);
            return Z3_rcf_lt(m_ctx, m_num, other.m_num);
        }
        
        bool operator>(rcf_num const& other) const {
            check_context(other);
            return Z3_rcf_gt(m_ctx, m_num, other.m_num);
        }
        
        bool operator<=(rcf_num const& other) const {
            check_context(other);
            return Z3_rcf_le(m_ctx, m_num, other.m_num);
        }
        
        bool operator>=(rcf_num const& other) const {
            check_context(other);
            return Z3_rcf_ge(m_ctx, m_num, other.m_num);
        }
        
        bool operator==(rcf_num const& other) const {
            check_context(other);
            return Z3_rcf_eq(m_ctx, m_num, other.m_num);
        }
        
        bool operator!=(rcf_num const& other) const {
            check_context(other);
            return Z3_rcf_neq(m_ctx, m_num, other.m_num);
        }
        
        // Type queries
        bool is_rational() const {
            return Z3_rcf_is_rational(m_ctx, m_num);
        }
        
        bool is_algebraic() const {
            return Z3_rcf_is_algebraic(m_ctx, m_num);
        }
        
        bool is_infinitesimal() const {
            return Z3_rcf_is_infinitesimal(m_ctx, m_num);
        }
        
        bool is_transcendental() const {
            return Z3_rcf_is_transcendental(m_ctx, m_num);
        }
        
        friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, rcf_num const& n) {
            return out << n.to_string();
        }
    };
    
    inline rcf_num rcf_pi(context& c) {
        return rcf_num(c, Z3_rcf_mk_pi(c));
    }
    
    inline rcf_num rcf_e(context& c) {
        return rcf_num(c, Z3_rcf_mk_e(c));
    }
    
    inline rcf_num rcf_infinitesimal(context& c) {
        return rcf_num(c, Z3_rcf_mk_infinitesimal(c));
    }
    
    inline std::vector<rcf_num> rcf_roots(context& c, std::vector<rcf_num> const& coeffs) {
        if (coeffs.empty()) {
            Z3_THROW(exception("polynomial coefficients cannot be empty"));
        }
 
        unsigned n = static_cast<unsigned>(coeffs.size());
        std::vector<Z3_rcf_num> a(n);
        std::vector<Z3_rcf_num> roots(n);
        
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            a[i] = coeffs[i];
        }
        
        unsigned num_roots = Z3_rcf_mk_roots(c, n, a.data(), roots.data());
        
        std::vector<rcf_num> result;
        result.reserve(num_roots);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < num_roots; ++i) {
            result.push_back(rcf_num(c, roots[i]));
        }
        
        return result;
    }
 
}
 
#undef Z3_THROW
 

_Z3_MK_UN_

#define _Z3_MK_UN_	(		a,
			mkun
	)

Value:

    Z3_ast r = mkun(a.ctx(), a);                \
    a.check_error();                            \
    return expr(a.ctx(), r);                    \

Definition at line 1800 of file z3++.h.

MK_EXPR1

#define MK_EXPR1	(		_fn,
			_arg
	)

Value:

    Z3_ast r = _fn(_arg.ctx(), _arg);           \
    _arg.check_error();                         \
    return expr(_arg.ctx(), r);

Definition at line 4249 of file z3++.h.

MK_EXPR2

#define MK_EXPR2	(		_fn,
			_arg1,
			_arg2
	)

Value:

    check_context(_arg1, _arg2);                \
    Z3_ast r = _fn(_arg1.ctx(), _arg1, _arg2);  \
    _arg1.check_error();                        \
    return expr(_arg1.ctx(), r);

Definition at line 4254 of file z3++.h.

Z3_THROW

#define Z3_THROW

(

x

)

{}

Definition at line 134 of file z3++.h.