z3++.h File Reference

Go to the source code of this file.

Data Structures
class	exception
	Exception used to sign API usage errors. More...
class	config
	Z3 global configuration object. More...
class	context
	A Context manages all other Z3 objects, global configuration options, etc. More...
class	array< T >
class	object
class	symbol
class	param_descrs
class	params
class	ast
class	ast_vector_tpl< T >
class	ast_vector_tpl< T >::iterator
class	sort
	A Z3 sort (aka type). Every expression (i.e., formula or term) in Z3 has a sort. More...
class	func_decl
	Function declaration (aka function definition). It is the signature of interpreted and uninterpreted functions in Z3. The basic building block in Z3 is the function application. More...
class	expr
	A Z3 expression is used to represent formulas and terms. For Z3, a formula is any expression of sort Boolean. Every expression has a sort. More...
class	expr::iterator
class	cast_ast< ast >
class	cast_ast< expr >
class	cast_ast< sort >
class	cast_ast< func_decl >
class	func_entry
class	func_interp
class	model
struct	model::translate
class	stats
class	parameter
	class for auxiliary parameters associated with func_decl The class is initialized with a func_decl or application expression and an index The accessor get_expr, get_sort, ... is available depending on the value of kind(). The caller is responsible to check that the kind of the parameter aligns with the call (get_expr etc). More...
class	solver
struct	solver::simple
struct	solver::translate
class	solver::cube_iterator
class	solver::cube_generator
class	goal
class	apply_result
class	tactic
class	simplifier
class	probe
class	optimize
struct	optimize::translate
class	optimize::handle
class	fixedpoint
class	constructor_list
class	constructors
class	on_clause
class	user_propagator_base

Namespaces
namespace	z3
	Z3 C++ namespace.

Macros
#define	Z3_THROW(x)   {}
#define	_Z3_MK_BIN_(a, b, binop)
#define	_Z3_MK_UN_(a, mkun)
#define	MK_EXPR1(_fn, _arg)
#define	MK_EXPR2(_fn, _arg1, _arg2)

Typedefs
typedef ast_vector_tpl< ast >	ast_vector
typedef ast_vector_tpl< expr >	expr_vector
typedef ast_vector_tpl< sort >	sort_vector
typedef ast_vector_tpl< func_decl >	func_decl_vector
typedef std::function< void(expr const &proof, std::vector< unsigned > const &deps, expr_vector const &clause)>	on_clause_eh_t

Enumerations
enum	check_result { unsat , sat , unknown }
enum	rounding_mode {   RNA , RNE , RTP , RTN ,   RTZ }

Functions
void	set_param (char const *param, char const *value)
void	set_param (char const *param, bool value)
void	set_param (char const *param, int value)
void	reset_params ()
void	get_version (unsigned &major, unsigned &minor, unsigned &build_number, unsigned &revision_number)
	Return Z3 version number information.
std::string	get_full_version ()
	Return a string that fully describes the version of Z3 in use.
void	enable_trace (char const *tag)
	Enable tracing messages tagged as tag when Z3 is compiled in debug mode. It is a NOOP otherwise.
void	disable_trace (char const *tag)
	Disable tracing messages tagged as tag when Z3 is compiled in debug mode. It is a NOOP otherwise.
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, exception const &e)
check_result	to_check_result (Z3_lbool l)
void	check_context (object const &a, object const &b)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, symbol const &s)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, param_descrs const &d)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, params const &p)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, ast const &n)
bool	eq (ast const &a, ast const &b)
expr	select (expr const &a, expr const &i)
	forward declarations
expr	select (expr const &a, expr_vector const &i)
expr	implies (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	implies (expr const &a, bool b)
expr	implies (bool a, expr const &b)
expr	pw (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	pw (expr const &a, int b)
expr	pw (int a, expr const &b)
expr	mod (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	mod (expr const &a, int b)
expr	mod (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator% (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator% (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator% (int a, expr const &b)
expr	rem (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	rem (expr const &a, int b)
expr	rem (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator! (expr const &a)
expr	is_int (expr const &e)
expr	operator&& (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator&& (expr const &a, bool b)
expr	operator&& (bool a, expr const &b)
expr	operator|| (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator|| (expr const &a, bool b)
expr	operator|| (bool a, expr const &b)
expr	operator== (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator== (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator== (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator== (expr const &a, double b)
expr	operator== (double a, expr const &b)
expr	operator!= (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator!= (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator!= (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator!= (expr const &a, double b)
expr	operator!= (double a, expr const &b)
expr	operator+ (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator+ (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator+ (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator* (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator* (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator* (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator>= (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator/ (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator/ (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator/ (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator- (expr const &a)
expr	operator- (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator- (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator- (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator<= (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator<= (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator<= (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator>= (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator>= (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator< (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator< (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator< (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator> (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator> (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator> (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator& (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator& (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator& (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator^ (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator^ (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator^ (int a, expr const &b)
expr	operator| (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator| (expr const &a, int b)
expr	operator| (int a, expr const &b)
expr	nand (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	nor (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	xnor (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	min (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	max (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	bvredor (expr const &a)
expr	bvredand (expr const &a)
expr	abs (expr const &a)
expr	sqrt (expr const &a, expr const &rm)
expr	fp_eq (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	operator~ (expr const &a)
expr	fma (expr const &a, expr const &b, expr const &c, expr const &rm)
expr	fpa_fp (expr const &sgn, expr const &exp, expr const &sig)
expr	fpa_to_sbv (expr const &t, unsigned sz)
expr	fpa_to_ubv (expr const &t, unsigned sz)
expr	sbv_to_fpa (expr const &t, sort s)
expr	ubv_to_fpa (expr const &t, sort s)
expr	fpa_to_fpa (expr const &t, sort s)
expr	round_fpa_to_closest_integer (expr const &t)
expr	ite (expr const &c, expr const &t, expr const &e)
	Create the if-then-else expression ite(c, t, e)
expr	to_expr (context &c, Z3_ast a)
	Wraps a Z3_ast as an expr object. It also checks for errors. This function allows the user to use the whole C API with the C++ layer defined in this file.
sort	to_sort (context &c, Z3_sort s)
func_decl	to_func_decl (context &c, Z3_func_decl f)
expr	sle (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	signed less than or equal to operator for bitvectors.
expr	sle (expr const &a, int b)
expr	sle (int a, expr const &b)
expr	slt (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	signed less than operator for bitvectors.
expr	slt (expr const &a, int b)
expr	slt (int a, expr const &b)
expr	sge (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	signed greater than or equal to operator for bitvectors.
expr	sge (expr const &a, int b)
expr	sge (int a, expr const &b)
expr	sgt (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	signed greater than operator for bitvectors.
expr	sgt (expr const &a, int b)
expr	sgt (int a, expr const &b)
expr	ule (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	unsigned less than or equal to operator for bitvectors.
expr	ule (expr const &a, int b)
expr	ule (int a, expr const &b)
expr	ult (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	unsigned less than operator for bitvectors.
expr	ult (expr const &a, int b)
expr	ult (int a, expr const &b)
expr	uge (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	unsigned greater than or equal to operator for bitvectors.
expr	uge (expr const &a, int b)
expr	uge (int a, expr const &b)
expr	ugt (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	unsigned greater than operator for bitvectors.
expr	ugt (expr const &a, int b)
expr	ugt (int a, expr const &b)
expr	sdiv (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	signed division operator for bitvectors.
expr	sdiv (expr const &a, int b)
expr	sdiv (int a, expr const &b)
expr	udiv (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	unsigned division operator for bitvectors.
expr	udiv (expr const &a, int b)
expr	udiv (int a, expr const &b)
expr	srem (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	signed remainder operator for bitvectors
expr	srem (expr const &a, int b)
expr	srem (int a, expr const &b)
expr	smod (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	signed modulus operator for bitvectors
expr	smod (expr const &a, int b)
expr	smod (int a, expr const &b)
expr	urem (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	unsigned reminder operator for bitvectors
expr	urem (expr const &a, int b)
expr	urem (int a, expr const &b)
expr	shl (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	shift left operator for bitvectors
expr	shl (expr const &a, int b)
expr	shl (int a, expr const &b)
expr	lshr (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	logic shift right operator for bitvectors
expr	lshr (expr const &a, int b)
expr	lshr (int a, expr const &b)
expr	ashr (expr const &a, expr const &b)
	arithmetic shift right operator for bitvectors
expr	ashr (expr const &a, int b)
expr	ashr (int a, expr const &b)
expr	zext (expr const &a, unsigned i)
	Extend the given bit-vector with zeros to the (unsigned) equivalent bitvector of size m+i, where m is the size of the given bit-vector.
expr	bv2int (expr const &a, bool is_signed)
	bit-vector and integer conversions.
expr	int2bv (unsigned n, expr const &a)
expr	bvadd_no_overflow (expr const &a, expr const &b, bool is_signed)
	bit-vector overflow/underflow checks
expr	bvadd_no_underflow (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	bvsub_no_overflow (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	bvsub_no_underflow (expr const &a, expr const &b, bool is_signed)
expr	bvsdiv_no_overflow (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	bvneg_no_overflow (expr const &a)
expr	bvmul_no_overflow (expr const &a, expr const &b, bool is_signed)
expr	bvmul_no_underflow (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	sext (expr const &a, unsigned i)
	Sign-extend of the given bit-vector to the (signed) equivalent bitvector of size m+i, where m is the size of the given bit-vector.
func_decl	linear_order (sort const &a, unsigned index)
func_decl	partial_order (sort const &a, unsigned index)
func_decl	piecewise_linear_order (sort const &a, unsigned index)
func_decl	tree_order (sort const &a, unsigned index)
expr_vector	polynomial_subresultants (expr const &p, expr const &q, expr const &x)
	Return the nonzero subresultants of p and q with respect to the "variable" x.
expr	forall (expr const &x, expr const &b)
expr	forall (expr const &x1, expr const &x2, expr const &b)
expr	forall (expr const &x1, expr const &x2, expr const &x3, expr const &b)
expr	forall (expr const &x1, expr const &x2, expr const &x3, expr const &x4, expr const &b)
expr	forall (expr_vector const &xs, expr const &b)
expr	exists (expr const &x, expr const &b)
expr	exists (expr const &x1, expr const &x2, expr const &b)
expr	exists (expr const &x1, expr const &x2, expr const &x3, expr const &b)
expr	exists (expr const &x1, expr const &x2, expr const &x3, expr const &x4, expr const &b)
expr	exists (expr_vector const &xs, expr const &b)
expr	lambda (expr const &x, expr const &b)
expr	lambda (expr const &x1, expr const &x2, expr const &b)
expr	lambda (expr const &x1, expr const &x2, expr const &x3, expr const &b)
expr	lambda (expr const &x1, expr const &x2, expr const &x3, expr const &x4, expr const &b)
expr	lambda (expr_vector const &xs, expr const &b)
expr	pble (expr_vector const &es, int const *coeffs, int bound)
expr	pbge (expr_vector const &es, int const *coeffs, int bound)
expr	pbeq (expr_vector const &es, int const *coeffs, int bound)
expr	atmost (expr_vector const &es, unsigned bound)
expr	atleast (expr_vector const &es, unsigned bound)
expr	sum (expr_vector const &args)
expr	distinct (expr_vector const &args)
expr	concat (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	concat (expr_vector const &args)
expr	map (expr const &f, expr const &list)
expr	mapi (expr const &f, expr const &i, expr const &list)
expr	foldl (expr const &f, expr const &a, expr const &list)
expr	foldli (expr const &f, expr const &i, expr const &a, expr const &list)
expr	mk_or (expr_vector const &args)
expr	mk_and (expr_vector const &args)
expr	mk_xor (expr_vector const &args)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, model const &m)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, stats const &s)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, check_result r)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, solver const &s)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, goal const &g)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, apply_result const &r)
tactic	operator& (tactic const &t1, tactic const &t2)
tactic	operator| (tactic const &t1, tactic const &t2)
tactic	repeat (tactic const &t, unsigned max=UINT_MAX)
tactic	with (tactic const &t, params const &p)
tactic	try_for (tactic const &t, unsigned ms)
tactic	par_or (unsigned n, tactic const *tactics)
tactic	par_and_then (tactic const &t1, tactic const &t2)
simplifier	operator& (simplifier const &t1, simplifier const &t2)
simplifier	with (simplifier const &t, params const &p)
probe	operator<= (probe const &p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator<= (probe const &p1, double p2)
probe	operator<= (double p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator>= (probe const &p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator>= (probe const &p1, double p2)
probe	operator>= (double p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator< (probe const &p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator< (probe const &p1, double p2)
probe	operator< (double p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator> (probe const &p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator> (probe const &p1, double p2)
probe	operator> (double p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator== (probe const &p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator== (probe const &p1, double p2)
probe	operator== (double p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator&& (probe const &p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator|| (probe const &p1, probe const &p2)
probe	operator! (probe const &p)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, optimize const &s)
std::ostream &	operator<< (std::ostream &out, fixedpoint const &f)
tactic	fail_if (probe const &p)
tactic	when (probe const &p, tactic const &t)
tactic	cond (probe const &p, tactic const &t1, tactic const &t2)
expr	to_real (expr const &a)
func_decl	function (symbol const &name, unsigned arity, sort const *domain, sort const &range)
func_decl	function (char const *name, unsigned arity, sort const *domain, sort const &range)
func_decl	function (char const *name, sort const &domain, sort const &range)
func_decl	function (char const *name, sort const &d1, sort const &d2, sort const &range)
func_decl	function (char const *name, sort const &d1, sort const &d2, sort const &d3, sort const &range)
func_decl	function (char const *name, sort const &d1, sort const &d2, sort const &d3, sort const &d4, sort const &range)
func_decl	function (char const *name, sort const &d1, sort const &d2, sort const &d3, sort const &d4, sort const &d5, sort const &range)
func_decl	function (char const *name, sort_vector const &domain, sort const &range)
func_decl	function (std::string const &name, sort_vector const &domain, sort const &range)
func_decl	recfun (symbol const &name, unsigned arity, sort const *domain, sort const &range)
func_decl	recfun (char const *name, unsigned arity, sort const *domain, sort const &range)
func_decl	recfun (char const *name, sort const &d1, sort const &range)
func_decl	recfun (char const *name, sort const &d1, sort const &d2, sort const &range)
expr	select (expr const &a, int i)
expr	store (expr const &a, expr const &i, expr const &v)
expr	store (expr const &a, int i, expr const &v)
expr	store (expr const &a, expr i, int v)
expr	store (expr const &a, int i, int v)
expr	store (expr const &a, expr_vector const &i, expr const &v)
expr	as_array (func_decl &f)
expr	array_default (expr const &a)
expr	array_ext (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	const_array (sort const &d, expr const &v)
expr	empty_set (sort const &s)
expr	full_set (sort const &s)
expr	set_add (expr const &s, expr const &e)
expr	set_del (expr const &s, expr const &e)
expr	set_union (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	set_intersect (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	set_difference (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	set_complement (expr const &a)
expr	set_member (expr const &s, expr const &e)
expr	set_subset (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	empty (sort const &s)
expr	suffixof (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	prefixof (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	indexof (expr const &s, expr const &substr, expr const &offset)
expr	last_indexof (expr const &s, expr const &substr)
expr	to_re (expr const &s)
expr	in_re (expr const &s, expr const &re)
expr	plus (expr const &re)
expr	option (expr const &re)
expr	star (expr const &re)
expr	re_empty (sort const &s)
expr	re_full (sort const &s)
expr	re_intersect (expr_vector const &args)
expr	re_diff (expr const &a, expr const &b)
expr	re_complement (expr const &a)
expr	range (expr const &lo, expr const &hi)

Macro Definition Documentation

_Z3_MK_BIN_

#define _Z3_MK_BIN_	(		a,
			b,
			binop
	)

Value:

    check_context(a, b);                                \
    Z3_ast r = binop(a.ctx(), a, b);                    \
    a.check_error();                                    \
    return expr(a.ctx(), r);                            \

Definition at line 1679 of file z3++.h.

                                                        {
        assert(a.is_bool() && b.is_bool());
        _Z3_MK_BIN_(a, b, Z3_mk_implies);
    }
    inline expr implies(expr const & a, bool b) { return implies(a, a.ctx().bool_val(b)); }
    inline expr implies(bool a, expr const & b) { return implies(b.ctx().bool_val(a), b); }
 
 
    inline expr pw(expr const & a, expr const & b) { _Z3_MK_BIN_(a, b, Z3_mk_power);   }
    inline expr pw(expr const & a, int b) { return pw(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr pw(int a, expr const & b) { return pw(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr mod(expr const& a, expr const& b) { 
        if (a.is_bv()) {
            _Z3_MK_BIN_(a, b, Z3_mk_bvsmod);   
        }
        else {
            _Z3_MK_BIN_(a, b, Z3_mk_mod);   
        }
    }
    inline expr mod(expr const & a, int b) { return mod(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr mod(int a, expr const & b) { return mod(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr operator%(expr const& a, expr const& b) { return mod(a, b); }
    inline expr operator%(expr const& a, int b) { return mod(a, b); }
    inline expr operator%(int a, expr const& b) { return mod(a, b); }
 
 
    inline expr rem(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        if (a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa()) {
            _Z3_MK_BIN_(a, b, Z3_mk_fpa_rem);
        } else {
            _Z3_MK_BIN_(a, b, Z3_mk_rem);
        }
    }
    inline expr rem(expr const & a, int b) { return rem(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr rem(int a, expr const & b) { return rem(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
#undef _Z3_MK_BIN_
 
#define _Z3_MK_UN_(a, mkun)                     \
    Z3_ast r = mkun(a.ctx(), a);                \
    a.check_error();                            \
    return expr(a.ctx(), r);                    \
 
 
    inline expr operator!(expr const & a) { assert(a.is_bool()); _Z3_MK_UN_(a, Z3_mk_not); }
 
    inline expr is_int(expr const& e) { _Z3_MK_UN_(e, Z3_mk_is_int); }
 
#undef _Z3_MK_UN_
 
    inline expr operator&&(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        assert(a.is_bool() && b.is_bool());
        Z3_ast args[2] = { a, b };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_and(a.ctx(), 2, args);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr operator&&(expr const & a, bool b) { return a && a.ctx().bool_val(b); }
    inline expr operator&&(bool a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().bool_val(a) && b; }
 
    inline expr operator||(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        assert(a.is_bool() && b.is_bool());
        Z3_ast args[2] = { a, b };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_or(a.ctx(), 2, args);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr operator||(expr const & a, bool b) { return a || a.ctx().bool_val(b); }
 
    inline expr operator||(bool a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().bool_val(a) || b; }
 
    inline expr operator==(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_eq(a.ctx(), a, b);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator==(expr const & a, int b) { assert(a.is_arith() || a.is_bv() || a.is_fpa()); return a == a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator==(int a, expr const & b) { assert(b.is_arith() || b.is_bv() || b.is_fpa()); return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) == b; }
    inline expr operator==(expr const & a, double b) { assert(a.is_fpa()); return a == a.ctx().fpa_val(b); }
    inline expr operator==(double a, expr const & b) { assert(b.is_fpa()); return b.ctx().fpa_val(a) == b; }
 
    inline expr operator!=(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast args[2] = { a, b };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_distinct(a.ctx(), 2, args);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator!=(expr const & a, int b) { assert(a.is_arith() || a.is_bv() || a.is_fpa()); return a != a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator!=(int a, expr const & b) { assert(b.is_arith() || b.is_bv() || b.is_fpa()); return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) != b; }
    inline expr operator!=(expr const & a, double b) { assert(a.is_fpa()); return a != a.ctx().fpa_val(b); }
    inline expr operator!=(double a, expr const & b) { assert(b.is_fpa()); return b.ctx().fpa_val(a) != b; }
 
    inline expr operator+(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            Z3_ast args[2] = { a, b };
            r = Z3_mk_add(a.ctx(), 2, args);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvadd(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_seq() && b.is_seq()) {
            return concat(a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_re() && b.is_re()) {
            Z3_ast _args[2] = { a, b };
            r = Z3_mk_re_union(a.ctx(), 2, _args);
        }
        else if (a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa()) {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_add(a.ctx(), a.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator+(expr const & a, int b) { return a + a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator+(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) + b; }
 
    inline expr operator*(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            Z3_ast args[2] = { a, b };
            r = Z3_mk_mul(a.ctx(), 2, args);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvmul(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa()) {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_mul(a.ctx(), a.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator*(expr const & a, int b) { return a * a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator*(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) * b; }
 
 
    inline expr operator>=(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_ge(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvsge(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa()) {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_geq(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr operator/(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_div(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvsdiv(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa()) {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_div(a.ctx(), a.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator/(expr const & a, int b) { return a / a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator/(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) / b; }
 
    inline expr operator-(expr const & a) {
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_unary_minus(a.ctx(), a);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvneg(a.ctx(), a);
        }
        else if (a.is_fpa()) {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_neg(a.ctx(), a);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr operator-(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            Z3_ast args[2] = { a, b };
            r = Z3_mk_sub(a.ctx(), 2, args);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvsub(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa()) {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_sub(a.ctx(), a.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator-(expr const & a, int b) { return a - a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator-(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) - b; }
 
    inline expr operator<=(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_le(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvsle(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa()) {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_leq(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator<=(expr const & a, int b) { return a <= a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator<=(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) <= b; }
 
    inline expr operator>=(expr const & a, int b) { return a >= a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator>=(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) >= b; }
 
    inline expr operator<(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_lt(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvslt(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa()) {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_lt(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator<(expr const & a, int b) { return a < a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator<(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) < b; }
 
    inline expr operator>(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = 0;
        if (a.is_arith() && b.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_gt(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv() && b.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_bvsgt(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa()) {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_gt(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        else {
            // operator is not supported by given arguments.
            assert(false);
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator>(expr const & a, int b) { return a > a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator>(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) > b; }
 
    inline expr operator&(expr const & a, expr const & b) { if (a.is_bool()) return a && b; check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvand(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
    inline expr operator&(expr const & a, int b) { return a & a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator&(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) & b; }
 
    inline expr operator^(expr const & a, expr const & b) { check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = a.is_bool() ? Z3_mk_xor(a.ctx(), a, b) : Z3_mk_bvxor(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
    inline expr operator^(expr const & a, int b) { return a ^ a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator^(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) ^ b; }
 
    inline expr operator|(expr const & a, expr const & b) { if (a.is_bool()) return a || b; check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvor(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
    inline expr operator|(expr const & a, int b) { return a | a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort()); }
    inline expr operator|(int a, expr const & b) { return b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()) | b; }
 
    inline expr nand(expr const& a, expr const& b) { if (a.is_bool()) return !(a && b); check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvnand(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
    inline expr nor(expr const& a, expr const& b) { if (a.is_bool()) return !(a || b); check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvnor(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
    inline expr xnor(expr const& a, expr const& b) { if (a.is_bool()) return !(a ^ b); check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvxnor(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
    inline expr min(expr const& a, expr const& b) { 
        check_context(a, b); 
        Z3_ast r;
        if (a.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_ite(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_ge(a.ctx(), a, b), b, a);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_ite(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvuge(a.ctx(), a, b), b, a);
        }
        else {
            assert(a.is_fpa());
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_min(a.ctx(), a, b); 
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr max(expr const& a, expr const& b) { 
        check_context(a, b); 
        Z3_ast r;
        if (a.is_arith()) {
            r = Z3_mk_ite(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_ge(a.ctx(), a, b), a, b);
        }
        else if (a.is_bv()) {
            r = Z3_mk_ite(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvuge(a.ctx(), a, b), a, b);
        }
        else {
            assert(a.is_fpa());
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_max(a.ctx(), a, b); 
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr bvredor(expr const & a) {
        assert(a.is_bv());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvredor(a.ctx(), a);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr bvredand(expr const & a) {
        assert(a.is_bv());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvredand(a.ctx(), a);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr abs(expr const & a) { 
        Z3_ast r;
        if (a.is_int()) {
            expr zero = a.ctx().int_val(0);
        expr ge = a >= zero;
        expr na = -a;
            r = Z3_mk_ite(a.ctx(), ge, a, na);      
        }
        else if (a.is_real()) {
            expr zero = a.ctx().real_val(0);
        expr ge = a >= zero;
        expr na = -a;
            r = Z3_mk_ite(a.ctx(), ge, a, na);
        }
        else {
            r = Z3_mk_fpa_abs(a.ctx(), a); 
        }
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr sqrt(expr const & a, expr const& rm) {
        check_context(a, rm);
        assert(a.is_fpa());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_sqrt(a.ctx(), rm, a);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr fp_eq(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        assert(a.is_fpa());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_eq(a.ctx(), a, b);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr operator~(expr const & a) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvnot(a.ctx(), a); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
 
    inline expr fma(expr const& a, expr const& b, expr const& c, expr const& rm) {
        check_context(a, b); check_context(a, c); check_context(a, rm);
        assert(a.is_fpa() && b.is_fpa() && c.is_fpa());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_fma(a.ctx(), rm, a, b, c);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr fpa_fp(expr const& sgn, expr const& exp, expr const& sig) {
        check_context(sgn, exp); check_context(exp, sig);
        assert(sgn.is_bv() && exp.is_bv() && sig.is_bv());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_fp(sgn.ctx(), sgn, exp, sig);
        sgn.check_error();
        return expr(sgn.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr fpa_to_sbv(expr const& t, unsigned sz) {
        assert(t.is_fpa());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_to_sbv(t.ctx(), t.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), t, sz);
        t.check_error();
        return expr(t.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr fpa_to_ubv(expr const& t, unsigned sz) {
        assert(t.is_fpa());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_to_ubv(t.ctx(), t.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), t, sz);
        t.check_error();
        return expr(t.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr sbv_to_fpa(expr const& t, sort s) {
        assert(t.is_bv());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_to_fp_signed(t.ctx(), t.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), t, s);
        t.check_error();
        return expr(t.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr ubv_to_fpa(expr const& t, sort s) {
        assert(t.is_bv());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_to_fp_unsigned(t.ctx(), t.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), t, s);
        t.check_error();
        return expr(t.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr fpa_to_fpa(expr const& t, sort s) {
        assert(t.is_fpa());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_to_fp_float(t.ctx(), t.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), t, s);
        t.check_error();
        return expr(t.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr round_fpa_to_closest_integer(expr const& t) {
        assert(t.is_fpa());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_round_to_integral(t.ctx(), t.ctx().fpa_rounding_mode(), t);
        t.check_error();
        return expr(t.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr ite(expr const & c, expr const & t, expr const & e) {
        check_context(c, t); check_context(c, e);
        assert(c.is_bool());
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_ite(c.ctx(), c, t, e);
        c.check_error();
        return expr(c.ctx(), r);
    }
 
 
    inline expr to_expr(context & c, Z3_ast a) {
        c.check_error();
        assert(Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_APP_AST ||
               Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_NUMERAL_AST ||
               Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_VAR_AST ||
               Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_QUANTIFIER_AST);
        return expr(c, a);
    }
 
    inline sort to_sort(context & c, Z3_sort s) {
        c.check_error();
        return sort(c, s);
    }
 
    inline func_decl to_func_decl(context & c, Z3_func_decl f) {
        c.check_error();
        return func_decl(c, f);
    }
 
    inline expr sle(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvsle(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr sle(expr const & a, int b) { return sle(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr sle(int a, expr const & b) { return sle(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    inline expr slt(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvslt(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr slt(expr const & a, int b) { return slt(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr slt(int a, expr const & b) { return slt(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    inline expr sge(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvsge(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr sge(expr const & a, int b) { return sge(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr sge(int a, expr const & b) { return sge(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    inline expr sgt(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvsgt(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr sgt(expr const & a, int b) { return sgt(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr sgt(int a, expr const & b) { return sgt(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
 
    inline expr ule(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvule(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr ule(expr const & a, int b) { return ule(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr ule(int a, expr const & b) { return ule(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    inline expr ult(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvult(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr ult(expr const & a, int b) { return ult(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr ult(int a, expr const & b) { return ult(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    inline expr uge(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvuge(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr uge(expr const & a, int b) { return uge(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr uge(int a, expr const & b) { return uge(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
    inline expr ugt(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvugt(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr ugt(expr const & a, int b) { return ugt(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr ugt(int a, expr const & b) { return ugt(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr sdiv(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvsdiv(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr sdiv(expr const & a, int b) { return sdiv(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr sdiv(int a, expr const & b) { return sdiv(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr udiv(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvudiv(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr udiv(expr const & a, int b) { return udiv(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr udiv(int a, expr const & b) { return udiv(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr srem(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvsrem(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr srem(expr const & a, int b) { return srem(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr srem(int a, expr const & b) { return srem(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr smod(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvsmod(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr smod(expr const & a, int b) { return smod(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr smod(int a, expr const & b) { return smod(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr urem(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvurem(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr urem(expr const & a, int b) { return urem(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr urem(int a, expr const & b) { return urem(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr shl(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvshl(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr shl(expr const & a, int b) { return shl(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr shl(int a, expr const & b) { return shl(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr lshr(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvlshr(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr lshr(expr const & a, int b) { return lshr(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr lshr(int a, expr const & b) { return lshr(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr ashr(expr const & a, expr const & b) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_bvashr(a.ctx(), a, b)); }
    inline expr ashr(expr const & a, int b) { return ashr(a, a.ctx().num_val(b, a.get_sort())); }
    inline expr ashr(int a, expr const & b) { return ashr(b.ctx().num_val(a, b.get_sort()), b); }
 
    inline expr zext(expr const & a, unsigned i) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_zero_ext(a.ctx(), i, a)); }
 
    inline expr bv2int(expr const& a, bool is_signed) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bv2int(a.ctx(), a, is_signed); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
    inline expr int2bv(unsigned n, expr const& a) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int2bv(a.ctx(), n, a); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
 
    inline expr bvadd_no_overflow(expr const& a, expr const& b, bool is_signed) { 
        check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvadd_no_overflow(a.ctx(), a, b, is_signed); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr bvadd_no_underflow(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvadd_no_underflow(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr bvsub_no_overflow(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvsub_no_overflow(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr bvsub_no_underflow(expr const& a, expr const& b, bool is_signed) {
        check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvsub_no_underflow(a.ctx(), a, b, is_signed); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr bvsdiv_no_overflow(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvsdiv_no_overflow(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr bvneg_no_overflow(expr const& a) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvneg_no_overflow(a.ctx(), a); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr bvmul_no_overflow(expr const& a, expr const& b, bool is_signed) {
        check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvmul_no_overflow(a.ctx(), a, b, is_signed); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
    inline expr bvmul_no_underflow(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bvmul_no_underflow(a.ctx(), a, b); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); 
    }
 
 
    inline expr sext(expr const & a, unsigned i) { return to_expr(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_sign_ext(a.ctx(), i, a)); }
 
    inline func_decl linear_order(sort const& a, unsigned index) {
        return to_func_decl(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_linear_order(a.ctx(), a, index));
    }
    inline func_decl partial_order(sort const& a, unsigned index) {
        return to_func_decl(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_partial_order(a.ctx(), a, index));
    }
    inline func_decl piecewise_linear_order(sort const& a, unsigned index) {
        return to_func_decl(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_piecewise_linear_order(a.ctx(), a, index));
    }
    inline func_decl tree_order(sort const& a, unsigned index) {
        return to_func_decl(a.ctx(), Z3_mk_tree_order(a.ctx(), a, index));
    }
 
    inline expr_vector polynomial_subresultants(expr const& p, expr const& q, expr const& x) {
        check_context(p, q); check_context(p, x);
        Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_polynomial_subresultants(p.ctx(), p, q, x);
        p.check_error();
        return expr_vector(p.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    template<> class cast_ast<ast> {
    public:
        ast operator()(context & c, Z3_ast a) { return ast(c, a); }
    };
 
    template<> class cast_ast<expr> {
    public:
        expr operator()(context & c, Z3_ast a) {
            assert(Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_NUMERAL_AST ||
                   Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_APP_AST ||
                   Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_QUANTIFIER_AST ||
                   Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_VAR_AST);
            return expr(c, a);
        }
    };
 
    template<> class cast_ast<sort> {
    public:
        sort operator()(context & c, Z3_ast a) {
            assert(Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_SORT_AST);
            return sort(c, reinterpret_cast<Z3_sort>(a));
        }
    };
 
    template<> class cast_ast<func_decl> {
    public:
        func_decl operator()(context & c, Z3_ast a) {
            assert(Z3_get_ast_kind(c, a) == Z3_FUNC_DECL_AST);
            return func_decl(c, reinterpret_cast<Z3_func_decl>(a));
        }
    };
 
    template<typename T>
    template<typename T2>
    array<T>::array(ast_vector_tpl<T2> const & v):m_array(new T[v.size()]), m_size(v.size()) {
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < m_size; i++) {
            m_array[i] = v[i];
        }
    }
 
    // Basic functions for creating quantified formulas.
    // The C API should be used for creating quantifiers with patterns, weights, many variables, etc.
    inline expr forall(expr const & x, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x};
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_forall_const(b.ctx(), 0, 1, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr forall(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2};
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_forall_const(b.ctx(), 0, 2, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr forall(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & x3, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b); check_context(x3, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2, (Z3_app) x3 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_forall_const(b.ctx(), 0, 3, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr forall(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & x3, expr const & x4, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b); check_context(x3, b); check_context(x4, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2, (Z3_app) x3, (Z3_app) x4 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_forall_const(b.ctx(), 0, 4, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr forall(expr_vector const & xs, expr const & b) {
        array<Z3_app> vars(xs);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_forall_const(b.ctx(), 0, vars.size(), vars.ptr(), 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr exists(expr const & x, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x};
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_exists_const(b.ctx(), 0, 1, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr exists(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2};
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_exists_const(b.ctx(), 0, 2, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr exists(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & x3, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b); check_context(x3, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2, (Z3_app) x3 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_exists_const(b.ctx(), 0, 3, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr exists(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & x3, expr const & x4, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b); check_context(x3, b); check_context(x4, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2, (Z3_app) x3, (Z3_app) x4 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_exists_const(b.ctx(), 0, 4, vars, 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr exists(expr_vector const & xs, expr const & b) {
        array<Z3_app> vars(xs);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_exists_const(b.ctx(), 0, vars.size(), vars.ptr(), 0, 0, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr lambda(expr const & x, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x};
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_lambda_const(b.ctx(), 1, vars, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr lambda(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2};
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_lambda_const(b.ctx(), 2, vars, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr lambda(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & x3, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b); check_context(x3, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2, (Z3_app) x3 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_lambda_const(b.ctx(), 3, vars, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr lambda(expr const & x1, expr const & x2, expr const & x3, expr const & x4, expr const & b) {
        check_context(x1, b); check_context(x2, b); check_context(x3, b); check_context(x4, b);
        Z3_app vars[] = {(Z3_app) x1, (Z3_app) x2, (Z3_app) x3, (Z3_app) x4 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_lambda_const(b.ctx(), 4, vars, b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr lambda(expr_vector const & xs, expr const & b) {
        array<Z3_app> vars(xs);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_lambda_const(b.ctx(), vars.size(), vars.ptr(), b); b.check_error(); return expr(b.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr pble(expr_vector const& es, int const* coeffs, int bound) {
        assert(es.size() > 0);
        context& ctx = es[0u].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _es(es);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_pble(ctx, _es.size(), _es.ptr(), coeffs, bound);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
    inline expr pbge(expr_vector const& es, int const* coeffs, int bound) {
        assert(es.size() > 0);
        context& ctx = es[0u].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _es(es);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_pbge(ctx, _es.size(), _es.ptr(), coeffs, bound);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
    inline expr pbeq(expr_vector const& es, int const* coeffs, int bound) {
        assert(es.size() > 0);
        context& ctx = es[0u].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _es(es);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_pbeq(ctx, _es.size(), _es.ptr(), coeffs, bound);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
    inline expr atmost(expr_vector const& es, unsigned bound) {
        assert(es.size() > 0);
        context& ctx = es[0u].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _es(es);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_atmost(ctx, _es.size(), _es.ptr(), bound);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
    inline expr atleast(expr_vector const& es, unsigned bound) {
        assert(es.size() > 0);
        context& ctx = es[0u].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _es(es);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_atleast(ctx, _es.size(), _es.ptr(), bound);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
    inline expr sum(expr_vector const& args) {
        assert(args.size() > 0);
        context& ctx = args[0u].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_add(ctx, _args.size(), _args.ptr());
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
 
    inline expr distinct(expr_vector const& args) {
        assert(args.size() > 0);
        context& ctx = args[0u].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_distinct(ctx, _args.size(), _args.ptr());
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
 
    inline expr concat(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r;
        if (Z3_is_seq_sort(a.ctx(), a.get_sort())) {
            Z3_ast _args[2] = { a, b };
            r = Z3_mk_seq_concat(a.ctx(), 2, _args);
        }
        else if (Z3_is_re_sort(a.ctx(), a.get_sort())) {
            Z3_ast _args[2] = { a, b };
            r = Z3_mk_re_concat(a.ctx(), 2, _args);
        }
        else {
            r = Z3_mk_concat(a.ctx(), a, b);
        }
        a.ctx().check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr concat(expr_vector const& args) {
        Z3_ast r;
        assert(args.size() > 0);
        if (args.size() == 1) {
            return args[0u];
        }
        context& ctx = args[0u].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args);
        if (Z3_is_seq_sort(ctx, args[0u].get_sort())) {
            r = Z3_mk_seq_concat(ctx, _args.size(), _args.ptr());
        }
        else if (Z3_is_re_sort(ctx, args[0u].get_sort())) {
            r = Z3_mk_re_concat(ctx, _args.size(), _args.ptr());
        }
        else {
            r = _args[args.size()-1];
            for (unsigned i = args.size()-1; i > 0; ) {
                --i;
                r = Z3_mk_concat(ctx, _args[i], r);
                ctx.check_error();
            }
        }
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
 
    inline expr map(expr const& f, expr const& list) {
        context& ctx = f.ctx();
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_map(ctx, f, list);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
 
    inline expr mapi(expr const& f, expr const& i, expr const& list) {
        context& ctx = f.ctx();
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_mapi(ctx, f, i, list);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
 
    inline expr foldl(expr const& f, expr const& a, expr const& list) {
        context& ctx = f.ctx();
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_foldl(ctx, f, a, list);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
 
    inline expr foldli(expr const& f, expr const& i, expr const& a, expr const& list) {
        context& ctx = f.ctx();
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_foldli(ctx, f, i, a, list);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
 
    inline expr mk_or(expr_vector const& args) {
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_or(args.ctx(), _args.size(), _args.ptr());
        args.check_error();
        return expr(args.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr mk_and(expr_vector const& args) {
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_and(args.ctx(), _args.size(), _args.ptr());
        args.check_error();
        return expr(args.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr mk_xor(expr_vector const& args) {
        if (args.empty())
            return args.ctx().bool_val(false);
        expr r = args[0u];
        for (unsigned i = 1; i < args.size(); ++i)
            r = r ^ args[i];
        return r;
    }
 
 
    class func_entry : public object {
        Z3_func_entry m_entry;
        void init(Z3_func_entry e) {
            m_entry = e;
            Z3_func_entry_inc_ref(ctx(), m_entry);
        }
    public:
        func_entry(context & c, Z3_func_entry e):object(c) { init(e); }
        func_entry(func_entry const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_entry); }
        ~func_entry() override { Z3_func_entry_dec_ref(ctx(), m_entry); }
        operator Z3_func_entry() const { return m_entry; }
        func_entry & operator=(func_entry const & s) {
            Z3_func_entry_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_entry);
            Z3_func_entry_dec_ref(ctx(), m_entry);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_entry = s.m_entry;
            return *this;
        }
        expr value() const { Z3_ast r = Z3_func_entry_get_value(ctx(), m_entry); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }
        unsigned num_args() const { unsigned r = Z3_func_entry_get_num_args(ctx(), m_entry); check_error(); return r; }
        expr arg(unsigned i) const { Z3_ast r = Z3_func_entry_get_arg(ctx(), m_entry, i); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }
    };
 
    class func_interp : public object {
        Z3_func_interp m_interp;
        void init(Z3_func_interp e) {
            m_interp = e;
            Z3_func_interp_inc_ref(ctx(), m_interp);
        }
    public:
        func_interp(context & c, Z3_func_interp e):object(c) { init(e); }
        func_interp(func_interp const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_interp); }
        ~func_interp() override { Z3_func_interp_dec_ref(ctx(), m_interp); }
        operator Z3_func_interp() const { return m_interp; }
        func_interp & operator=(func_interp const & s) {
            Z3_func_interp_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_interp);
            Z3_func_interp_dec_ref(ctx(), m_interp);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_interp = s.m_interp;
            return *this;
        }
        expr else_value() const { Z3_ast r = Z3_func_interp_get_else(ctx(), m_interp); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }
        unsigned num_entries() const { unsigned r = Z3_func_interp_get_num_entries(ctx(), m_interp); check_error(); return r; }
        func_entry entry(unsigned i) const { Z3_func_entry e = Z3_func_interp_get_entry(ctx(), m_interp, i); check_error(); return func_entry(ctx(), e); }
        void add_entry(expr_vector const& args, expr& value) {
            Z3_func_interp_add_entry(ctx(), m_interp, args, value);
            check_error();
        }
        void set_else(expr& value) {
            Z3_func_interp_set_else(ctx(), m_interp, value);
            check_error();
        }
    };
 
    class model : public object {
        Z3_model m_model;
        void init(Z3_model m) {
            m_model = m;
            Z3_model_inc_ref(ctx(), m);
        }
    public:
        struct translate {};
        model(context & c):object(c) { init(Z3_mk_model(c)); }
        model(context & c, Z3_model m):object(c) { init(m); }
        model(model const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_model); }
        model(model& src, context& dst, translate) : object(dst) { init(Z3_model_translate(src.ctx(), src, dst)); }
        ~model() override { Z3_model_dec_ref(ctx(), m_model); }
        operator Z3_model() const { return m_model; }
        model & operator=(model const & s) {
            Z3_model_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_model);
            Z3_model_dec_ref(ctx(), m_model);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_model = s.m_model;
            return *this;
        }
 
        expr eval(expr const & n, bool model_completion=false) const {
            check_context(*this, n);
            Z3_ast r = 0;
            bool status = Z3_model_eval(ctx(), m_model, n, model_completion, &r);
            check_error();
            if (status == false && ctx().enable_exceptions())
                Z3_THROW(exception("failed to evaluate expression"));
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
 
        unsigned num_consts() const { return Z3_model_get_num_consts(ctx(), m_model); }
        unsigned num_funcs() const { return Z3_model_get_num_funcs(ctx(), m_model); }
        func_decl get_const_decl(unsigned i) const { Z3_func_decl r = Z3_model_get_const_decl(ctx(), m_model, i); check_error(); return func_decl(ctx(), r); }
        func_decl get_func_decl(unsigned i) const { Z3_func_decl r = Z3_model_get_func_decl(ctx(), m_model, i); check_error(); return func_decl(ctx(), r); }
        unsigned size() const { return num_consts() + num_funcs(); }
        func_decl operator[](int i) const {
            assert(0 <= i);
            return static_cast<unsigned>(i) < num_consts() ? get_const_decl(i) : get_func_decl(i - num_consts());
        }
 
        // returns interpretation of constant declaration c.
        // If c is not assigned any value in the model it returns
        // an expression with a null ast reference.
        expr get_const_interp(func_decl c) const {
            check_context(*this, c);
            Z3_ast r = Z3_model_get_const_interp(ctx(), m_model, c);
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        func_interp get_func_interp(func_decl f) const {
            check_context(*this, f);
            Z3_func_interp r = Z3_model_get_func_interp(ctx(), m_model, f);
            check_error();
            return func_interp(ctx(), r);
        }
 
        // returns true iff the model contains an interpretation
        // for function f.
        bool has_interp(func_decl f) const {
            check_context(*this, f);
            return Z3_model_has_interp(ctx(), m_model, f);
        }
 
        func_interp add_func_interp(func_decl& f, expr& else_val) {
            Z3_func_interp r = Z3_add_func_interp(ctx(), m_model, f, else_val);
            check_error();
            return func_interp(ctx(), r);
        }
 
        void add_const_interp(func_decl& f, expr& value) {
            Z3_add_const_interp(ctx(), m_model, f, value);
            check_error();
        }
 
        unsigned num_sorts() const {
            unsigned r = Z3_model_get_num_sorts(ctx(), m_model);
            check_error();
            return r;
        }
 
        sort get_sort(unsigned i) const {
            Z3_sort s = Z3_model_get_sort(ctx(), m_model, i);
            check_error();
            return sort(ctx(), s);
        }
 
        expr_vector sort_universe(sort const& s) const {
            check_context(*this, s);
            Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_model_get_sort_universe(ctx(), m_model, s);
            check_error();
            return expr_vector(ctx(), r);
        }
 
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, model const & m);
 
        std::string to_string() const { return m_model ? std::string(Z3_model_to_string(ctx(), m_model)) : "null"; }
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, model const & m) { return out << m.to_string(); }
 
    class stats : public object {
        Z3_stats m_stats;
        void init(Z3_stats e) {
            m_stats = e;
            Z3_stats_inc_ref(ctx(), m_stats);
        }
    public:
        stats(context & c):object(c), m_stats(0) {}
        stats(context & c, Z3_stats e):object(c) { init(e); }
        stats(stats const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_stats); }
        ~stats() override { if (m_stats) Z3_stats_dec_ref(ctx(), m_stats); }
        operator Z3_stats() const { return m_stats; }
        stats & operator=(stats const & s) {
            Z3_stats_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_stats);
            if (m_stats) Z3_stats_dec_ref(ctx(), m_stats);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_stats = s.m_stats;
            return *this;
        }
        unsigned size() const { return Z3_stats_size(ctx(), m_stats); }
        std::string key(unsigned i) const { Z3_string s = Z3_stats_get_key(ctx(), m_stats, i); check_error(); return s; }
        bool is_uint(unsigned i) const { bool r = Z3_stats_is_uint(ctx(), m_stats, i); check_error(); return r; }
        bool is_double(unsigned i) const { bool r = Z3_stats_is_double(ctx(), m_stats, i); check_error(); return r; }
        unsigned uint_value(unsigned i) const { unsigned r = Z3_stats_get_uint_value(ctx(), m_stats, i); check_error(); return r; }
        double double_value(unsigned i) const { double r = Z3_stats_get_double_value(ctx(), m_stats, i); check_error(); return r; }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, stats const & s);
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, stats const & s) { out << Z3_stats_to_string(s.ctx(), s); return out; }
 
 
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, check_result r) {
        if (r == unsat) out << "unsat";
        else if (r == sat) out << "sat";
        else out << "unknown";
        return out;
    }
 
    class parameter {
        Z3_parameter_kind m_kind;
        func_decl         m_decl;
        unsigned          m_index;
        context& ctx() const { return m_decl.ctx(); }
        void check_error() const { ctx().check_error(); }
    public:
        parameter(func_decl const& d, unsigned idx) : m_decl(d), m_index(idx) { 
            if (ctx().enable_exceptions() && idx >= d.num_parameters())
                Z3_THROW(exception("parameter index is out of bounds"));
            m_kind = Z3_get_decl_parameter_kind(ctx(), d, idx); 
        }
        parameter(expr const& e, unsigned idx) : m_decl(e.decl()), m_index(idx) {
            if (ctx().enable_exceptions() && idx >= m_decl.num_parameters())
                Z3_THROW(exception("parameter index is out of bounds"));
            m_kind = Z3_get_decl_parameter_kind(ctx(), m_decl, idx);
        }
        Z3_parameter_kind kind() const { return m_kind; }
        expr get_expr() const { Z3_ast a = Z3_get_decl_ast_parameter(ctx(), m_decl, m_index); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), a); }
        sort get_sort() const { Z3_sort s = Z3_get_decl_sort_parameter(ctx(), m_decl, m_index); check_error(); return sort(ctx(), s); }
        func_decl get_decl() const { Z3_func_decl f = Z3_get_decl_func_decl_parameter(ctx(), m_decl, m_index); check_error(); return func_decl(ctx(), f); }
        symbol get_symbol() const { Z3_symbol s = Z3_get_decl_symbol_parameter(ctx(), m_decl, m_index); check_error(); return symbol(ctx(), s); }
        std::string get_rational() const { Z3_string s = Z3_get_decl_rational_parameter(ctx(), m_decl, m_index); check_error(); return s; }
        double get_double() const { double d = Z3_get_decl_double_parameter(ctx(), m_decl, m_index); check_error(); return d; }
        int get_int() const { int i = Z3_get_decl_int_parameter(ctx(), m_decl, m_index); check_error(); return i; }
    };
 
 
    class solver : public object {
        Z3_solver m_solver;
        void init(Z3_solver s) {
            m_solver = s;
            if (s)
                Z3_solver_inc_ref(ctx(), s);
        }
    public:
        struct simple {};
        struct translate {};
        solver(context & c):object(c) { init(Z3_mk_solver(c)); check_error(); }
        solver(context & c, simple):object(c) { init(Z3_mk_simple_solver(c)); check_error(); }
        solver(context & c, Z3_solver s):object(c) { init(s); }
        solver(context & c, char const * logic):object(c) { init(Z3_mk_solver_for_logic(c, c.str_symbol(logic))); check_error(); }
        solver(context & c, solver const& src, translate): object(c) { Z3_solver s = Z3_solver_translate(src.ctx(), src, c); check_error(); init(s); }
        solver(solver const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_solver); }
        solver(solver const& s, simplifier const& simp);
        ~solver() override { Z3_solver_dec_ref(ctx(), m_solver); }
        operator Z3_solver() const { return m_solver; }
        solver & operator=(solver const & s) {
            Z3_solver_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_solver);
            Z3_solver_dec_ref(ctx(), m_solver);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_solver = s.m_solver;
            return *this;
        }
        void set(params const & p) { Z3_solver_set_params(ctx(), m_solver, p); check_error(); }
        void set(char const * k, bool v) { params p(ctx()); p.set(k, v); set(p); }
        void set(char const * k, unsigned v) { params p(ctx()); p.set(k, v); set(p); }
        void set(char const * k, double v) { params p(ctx()); p.set(k, v); set(p); }
        void set(char const * k, symbol const & v) { params p(ctx()); p.set(k, v); set(p); }
        void set(char const * k, char const* v) { params p(ctx()); p.set(k, v); set(p); }
        void push() { Z3_solver_push(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); }
        void pop(unsigned n = 1) { Z3_solver_pop(ctx(), m_solver, n); check_error(); }
        void reset() { Z3_solver_reset(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); }
        void add(expr const & e) { assert(e.is_bool()); Z3_solver_assert(ctx(), m_solver, e); check_error(); }
        void add(expr const & e, expr const & p) {
            assert(e.is_bool()); assert(p.is_bool()); assert(p.is_const());
            Z3_solver_assert_and_track(ctx(), m_solver, e, p);
            check_error();
        }
        void add(expr const & e, char const * p) {
            add(e, ctx().bool_const(p));
        }        
        void add(expr_vector const& v) { 
            check_context(*this, v); 
            for (unsigned i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) 
                add(v[i]); 
        }
        void from_file(char const* file) { Z3_solver_from_file(ctx(), m_solver, file); ctx().check_parser_error(); }
        void from_string(char const* s) { Z3_solver_from_string(ctx(), m_solver, s); ctx().check_parser_error(); }
 
        check_result check() { Z3_lbool r = Z3_solver_check(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return to_check_result(r); }
        check_result check(unsigned n, expr * const assumptions) {
            array<Z3_ast> _assumptions(n);
            for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                check_context(*this, assumptions[i]);
                _assumptions[i] = assumptions[i];
            }
            Z3_lbool r = Z3_solver_check_assumptions(ctx(), m_solver, n, _assumptions.ptr());
            check_error();
            return to_check_result(r);
        }
        check_result check(expr_vector const& assumptions) {
            unsigned n = assumptions.size();
            array<Z3_ast> _assumptions(n);
            for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                check_context(*this, assumptions[i]);
                _assumptions[i] = assumptions[i];
            }
            Z3_lbool r = Z3_solver_check_assumptions(ctx(), m_solver, n, _assumptions.ptr());
            check_error();
            return to_check_result(r);
        }
        model get_model() const { Z3_model m = Z3_solver_get_model(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return model(ctx(), m); }
        check_result consequences(expr_vector& assumptions, expr_vector& vars, expr_vector& conseq) {
            Z3_lbool r = Z3_solver_get_consequences(ctx(), m_solver, assumptions, vars, conseq);
            check_error();
            return to_check_result(r);
        }
        std::string reason_unknown() const { Z3_string r = Z3_solver_get_reason_unknown(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return r; }
        stats statistics() const { Z3_stats r = Z3_solver_get_statistics(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return stats(ctx(), r); }
        expr_vector unsat_core() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_solver_get_unsat_core(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        expr_vector assertions() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_solver_get_assertions(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        expr_vector non_units() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_solver_get_non_units(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        expr_vector units() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_solver_get_units(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        expr_vector trail() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_solver_get_trail(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        expr_vector trail(array<unsigned>& levels) const { 
            Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_solver_get_trail(ctx(), m_solver); 
            check_error(); 
            expr_vector result(ctx(), r);
            unsigned sz = result.size();
            levels.resize(sz);
            Z3_solver_get_levels(ctx(), m_solver, r, sz, levels.ptr());
            check_error(); 
            return result; 
        }
        expr congruence_root(expr const& t) const {
            check_context(*this, t);
            Z3_ast r = Z3_solver_congruence_root(ctx(), m_solver, t);
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        expr congruence_next(expr const& t) const {
            check_context(*this, t);
            Z3_ast r = Z3_solver_congruence_next(ctx(), m_solver, t);
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        expr congruence_explain(expr const& a, expr const& b) const {
            check_context(*this, a);
            check_context(*this, b);
            Z3_ast r = Z3_solver_congruence_explain(ctx(), m_solver, a, b);
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        void set_initial_value(expr const& var, expr const& value) {
            Z3_solver_set_initial_value(ctx(), m_solver, var, value);
            check_error();
        }
        void set_initial_value(expr const& var, int i) {
            set_initial_value(var, ctx().num_val(i, var.get_sort()));
        }
        void set_initial_value(expr const& var, bool b) {
            set_initial_value(var, ctx().bool_val(b));            
        }
 
        expr proof() const { Z3_ast r = Z3_solver_get_proof(ctx(), m_solver); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, solver const & s);
 
        std::string to_smt2(char const* status = "unknown") {
            array<Z3_ast> es(assertions());
            Z3_ast const* fmls = es.ptr();
            Z3_ast fml = 0;
            unsigned sz = es.size();
            if (sz > 0) {
                --sz;
                fml = fmls[sz];
            }
            else {
                fml = ctx().bool_val(true);
            }
            return std::string(Z3_benchmark_to_smtlib_string(
                                   ctx(),
                                   "", "", status, "",
                                   sz,
                                   fmls,
                                   fml));
        }
 
        std::string dimacs(bool include_names = true) const { return std::string(Z3_solver_to_dimacs_string(ctx(), m_solver, include_names)); }
 
        param_descrs get_param_descrs() { return param_descrs(ctx(), Z3_solver_get_param_descrs(ctx(), m_solver)); }
 
 
        expr_vector cube(expr_vector& vars, unsigned cutoff) {
            Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_solver_cube(ctx(), m_solver, vars, cutoff);
            check_error();
            return expr_vector(ctx(), r);
        }
 
        class cube_iterator {
            solver&      m_solver;
            unsigned&    m_cutoff;
            expr_vector& m_vars;
            expr_vector  m_cube;
            bool         m_end;
            bool         m_empty;
 
            void inc() {
                assert(!m_end && !m_empty);
                m_cube = m_solver.cube(m_vars, m_cutoff);
                m_cutoff = 0xFFFFFFFF;
                if (m_cube.size() == 1 && m_cube[0u].is_false()) {
                    m_cube = z3::expr_vector(m_solver.ctx());
                    m_end = true;
                }
                else if (m_cube.empty()) {
                    m_empty = true;
                }
            }
        public:
            cube_iterator(solver& s, expr_vector& vars, unsigned& cutoff, bool end):
                m_solver(s),
                m_cutoff(cutoff),
                m_vars(vars),
                m_cube(s.ctx()),
                m_end(end),
                m_empty(false) {
                if (!m_end) {
                    inc();
                }
            }
 
            cube_iterator& operator++() {
                assert(!m_end);
                if (m_empty) {
                    m_end = true;
                }
                else {
                    inc();
                }
                return *this;
            }
            cube_iterator operator++(int) { assert(false); return *this; }
            expr_vector const * operator->() const { return &(operator*()); }
            expr_vector const& operator*() const noexcept { return m_cube; }
 
            bool operator==(cube_iterator const& other) const noexcept {
                return other.m_end == m_end;
            };
            bool operator!=(cube_iterator const& other) const noexcept {
                return other.m_end != m_end;
            };
 
        };
 
        class cube_generator {
            solver&      m_solver;
            unsigned     m_cutoff;
            expr_vector  m_default_vars;
            expr_vector& m_vars;
        public:
            cube_generator(solver& s):
                m_solver(s),
                m_cutoff(0xFFFFFFFF),
                m_default_vars(s.ctx()),
                m_vars(m_default_vars)
            {}
 
            cube_generator(solver& s, expr_vector& vars):
                m_solver(s),
                m_cutoff(0xFFFFFFFF),
                m_default_vars(s.ctx()),
                m_vars(vars)
            {}
 
            cube_iterator begin() { return cube_iterator(m_solver, m_vars, m_cutoff, false); }
            cube_iterator end() { return cube_iterator(m_solver, m_vars, m_cutoff, true); }
            void set_cutoff(unsigned c) noexcept { m_cutoff = c; }
        };
 
        cube_generator cubes() { return cube_generator(*this); }
        cube_generator cubes(expr_vector& vars) { return cube_generator(*this, vars); }
 
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, solver const & s) { out << Z3_solver_to_string(s.ctx(), s); return out; }
 
    class goal : public object {
        Z3_goal m_goal;
        void init(Z3_goal s) {
            m_goal = s;
            Z3_goal_inc_ref(ctx(), s);
        }
    public:
        goal(context & c, bool models=true, bool unsat_cores=false, bool proofs=false):object(c) { init(Z3_mk_goal(c, models, unsat_cores, proofs)); }
        goal(context & c, Z3_goal s):object(c) { init(s); }
        goal(goal const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_goal); }
        ~goal() override { Z3_goal_dec_ref(ctx(), m_goal); }
        operator Z3_goal() const { return m_goal; }
        goal & operator=(goal const & s) {
            Z3_goal_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_goal);
            Z3_goal_dec_ref(ctx(), m_goal);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_goal = s.m_goal;
            return *this;
        }
        void add(expr const & f) { check_context(*this, f); Z3_goal_assert(ctx(), m_goal, f); check_error(); }
        void add(expr_vector const& v) { check_context(*this, v); for (unsigned i = 0; i < v.size(); ++i) add(v[i]); }
        unsigned size() const { return Z3_goal_size(ctx(), m_goal); }
        expr operator[](int i) const { assert(0 <= i); Z3_ast r = Z3_goal_formula(ctx(), m_goal, i); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }
        Z3_goal_prec precision() const { return Z3_goal_precision(ctx(), m_goal); }
        bool inconsistent() const { return Z3_goal_inconsistent(ctx(), m_goal); }
        unsigned depth() const { return Z3_goal_depth(ctx(), m_goal); }
        void reset() { Z3_goal_reset(ctx(), m_goal); }
        unsigned num_exprs() const { return Z3_goal_num_exprs(ctx(), m_goal); }
        bool is_decided_sat() const { return Z3_goal_is_decided_sat(ctx(), m_goal); }
        bool is_decided_unsat() const { return Z3_goal_is_decided_unsat(ctx(), m_goal); }
        model convert_model(model const & m) const {
            check_context(*this, m);
            Z3_model new_m = Z3_goal_convert_model(ctx(), m_goal, m);
            check_error();
            return model(ctx(), new_m);
        }
        model get_model() const {
            Z3_model new_m = Z3_goal_convert_model(ctx(), m_goal, 0);
            check_error();
            return model(ctx(), new_m);
        }
        expr as_expr() const {
            unsigned n = size();
            if (n == 0)
                return ctx().bool_val(true);
            else if (n == 1)
                return operator[](0u);
            else {
                array<Z3_ast> args(n);
                for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; i++)
                    args[i] = operator[](i);
                return expr(ctx(), Z3_mk_and(ctx(), n, args.ptr()));
            }
        }
        std::string dimacs(bool include_names = true) const { return std::string(Z3_goal_to_dimacs_string(ctx(), m_goal, include_names)); }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, goal const & g);
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, goal const & g) { out << Z3_goal_to_string(g.ctx(), g); return out; }
 
    class apply_result : public object {
        Z3_apply_result m_apply_result;
        void init(Z3_apply_result s) {
            m_apply_result = s;
            Z3_apply_result_inc_ref(ctx(), s);
        }
    public:
        apply_result(context & c, Z3_apply_result s):object(c) { init(s); }
        apply_result(apply_result const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_apply_result); }
        ~apply_result() override { Z3_apply_result_dec_ref(ctx(), m_apply_result); }
        operator Z3_apply_result() const { return m_apply_result; }
        apply_result & operator=(apply_result const & s) {
            Z3_apply_result_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_apply_result);
            Z3_apply_result_dec_ref(ctx(), m_apply_result);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_apply_result = s.m_apply_result;
            return *this;
        }
        unsigned size() const { return Z3_apply_result_get_num_subgoals(ctx(), m_apply_result); }
        goal operator[](int i) const { assert(0 <= i); Z3_goal r = Z3_apply_result_get_subgoal(ctx(), m_apply_result, i); check_error(); return goal(ctx(), r); }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, apply_result const & r);
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, apply_result const & r) { out << Z3_apply_result_to_string(r.ctx(), r); return out; }
 
    class tactic : public object {
        Z3_tactic m_tactic;
        void init(Z3_tactic s) {
            m_tactic = s;
            Z3_tactic_inc_ref(ctx(), s);
        }
    public:
        tactic(context & c, char const * name):object(c) { Z3_tactic r = Z3_mk_tactic(c, name); check_error(); init(r); }
        tactic(context & c, Z3_tactic s):object(c) { init(s); }
        tactic(tactic const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_tactic); }
        ~tactic() override { Z3_tactic_dec_ref(ctx(), m_tactic); }
        operator Z3_tactic() const { return m_tactic; }
        tactic & operator=(tactic const & s) {
            Z3_tactic_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_tactic);
            Z3_tactic_dec_ref(ctx(), m_tactic);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_tactic = s.m_tactic;
            return *this;
        }
        solver mk_solver() const { Z3_solver r = Z3_mk_solver_from_tactic(ctx(), m_tactic); check_error(); return solver(ctx(), r);  }
        apply_result apply(goal const & g) const {
            check_context(*this, g);
            Z3_apply_result r = Z3_tactic_apply(ctx(), m_tactic, g);
            check_error();
            return apply_result(ctx(), r);
        }
        apply_result operator()(goal const & g) const {
            return apply(g);
        }
        std::string help() const { char const * r = Z3_tactic_get_help(ctx(), m_tactic); check_error();  return r; }
        friend tactic operator&(tactic const & t1, tactic const & t2);
        friend tactic operator|(tactic const & t1, tactic const & t2);
        friend tactic repeat(tactic const & t, unsigned max);
        friend tactic with(tactic const & t, params const & p);
        friend tactic try_for(tactic const & t, unsigned ms);
        friend tactic par_or(unsigned n, tactic const* tactics);
        friend tactic par_and_then(tactic const& t1, tactic const& t2);
        param_descrs get_param_descrs() { return param_descrs(ctx(), Z3_tactic_get_param_descrs(ctx(), m_tactic)); }
    };
 
    inline tactic operator&(tactic const & t1, tactic const & t2) {
        check_context(t1, t2);
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_and_then(t1.ctx(), t1, t2);
        t1.check_error();
        return tactic(t1.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline tactic operator|(tactic const & t1, tactic const & t2) {
        check_context(t1, t2);
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_or_else(t1.ctx(), t1, t2);
        t1.check_error();
        return tactic(t1.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline tactic repeat(tactic const & t, unsigned max=UINT_MAX) {
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_repeat(t.ctx(), t, max);
        t.check_error();
        return tactic(t.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline tactic with(tactic const & t, params const & p) {
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_using_params(t.ctx(), t, p);
        t.check_error();
        return tactic(t.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline tactic try_for(tactic const & t, unsigned ms) {
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_try_for(t.ctx(), t, ms);
        t.check_error();
        return tactic(t.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline tactic par_or(unsigned n, tactic const* tactics) {
        if (n == 0) {
            Z3_THROW(exception("a non-zero number of tactics need to be passed to par_or"));
        }
        array<Z3_tactic> buffer(n);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) buffer[i] = tactics[i];
        return tactic(tactics[0u].ctx(), Z3_tactic_par_or(tactics[0u].ctx(), n, buffer.ptr()));
    }
 
    inline tactic par_and_then(tactic const & t1, tactic const & t2) {
        check_context(t1, t2);
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_par_and_then(t1.ctx(), t1, t2);
        t1.check_error();
        return tactic(t1.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    class simplifier : public object {
        Z3_simplifier m_simplifier;
        void init(Z3_simplifier s) {
            m_simplifier = s;
            Z3_simplifier_inc_ref(ctx(), s);
        }
    public:
        simplifier(context & c, char const * name):object(c) { Z3_simplifier r = Z3_mk_simplifier(c, name); check_error(); init(r); }
        simplifier(context & c, Z3_simplifier s):object(c) { init(s); }
        simplifier(simplifier const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_simplifier); }
        ~simplifier() override { Z3_simplifier_dec_ref(ctx(), m_simplifier); }
        operator Z3_simplifier() const { return m_simplifier; }
        simplifier & operator=(simplifier const & s) {
            Z3_simplifier_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_simplifier);
            Z3_simplifier_dec_ref(ctx(), m_simplifier);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_simplifier = s.m_simplifier;
            return *this;
        }
        std::string help() const { char const * r = Z3_simplifier_get_help(ctx(), m_simplifier); check_error();  return r; }
        friend simplifier operator&(simplifier const & t1, simplifier const & t2);
        friend simplifier with(simplifier const & t, params const & p);
        param_descrs get_param_descrs() { return param_descrs(ctx(), Z3_simplifier_get_param_descrs(ctx(), m_simplifier)); }
    };
 
    inline solver::solver(solver const& s, simplifier const& simp):object(s) { init(Z3_solver_add_simplifier(s.ctx(), s, simp)); }
 
 
    inline simplifier operator&(simplifier const & t1, simplifier const & t2) {
        check_context(t1, t2);
        Z3_simplifier r = Z3_simplifier_and_then(t1.ctx(), t1, t2);
        t1.check_error();
        return simplifier(t1.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline simplifier with(simplifier const & t, params const & p) {
        Z3_simplifier r = Z3_simplifier_using_params(t.ctx(), t, p);
        t.check_error();
        return simplifier(t.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    class probe : public object {
        Z3_probe m_probe;
        void init(Z3_probe s) {
            m_probe = s;
            Z3_probe_inc_ref(ctx(), s);
        }
    public:
        probe(context & c, char const * name):object(c) { Z3_probe r = Z3_mk_probe(c, name); check_error(); init(r); }
        probe(context & c, double val):object(c) { Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_const(c, val); check_error(); init(r); }
        probe(context & c, Z3_probe s):object(c) { init(s); }
        probe(probe const & s):object(s) { init(s.m_probe); }
        ~probe() override { Z3_probe_dec_ref(ctx(), m_probe); }
        operator Z3_probe() const { return m_probe; }
        probe & operator=(probe const & s) {
            Z3_probe_inc_ref(s.ctx(), s.m_probe);
            Z3_probe_dec_ref(ctx(), m_probe);
            object::operator=(s);
            m_probe = s.m_probe;
            return *this;
        }
        double apply(goal const & g) const { double r = Z3_probe_apply(ctx(), m_probe, g); check_error(); return r; }
        double operator()(goal const & g) const { return apply(g); }
        friend probe operator<=(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator<=(probe const & p1, double p2);
        friend probe operator<=(double p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator>=(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator>=(probe const & p1, double p2);
        friend probe operator>=(double p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator<(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator<(probe const & p1, double p2);
        friend probe operator<(double p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator>(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator>(probe const & p1, double p2);
        friend probe operator>(double p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator==(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator==(probe const & p1, double p2);
        friend probe operator==(double p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator&&(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator||(probe const & p1, probe const & p2);
        friend probe operator!(probe const & p);
    };
 
    inline probe operator<=(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_le(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator<=(probe const & p1, double p2) { return p1 <= probe(p1.ctx(), p2); }
    inline probe operator<=(double p1, probe const & p2) { return probe(p2.ctx(), p1) <= p2; }
    inline probe operator>=(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_ge(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator>=(probe const & p1, double p2) { return p1 >= probe(p1.ctx(), p2); }
    inline probe operator>=(double p1, probe const & p2) { return probe(p2.ctx(), p1) >= p2; }
    inline probe operator<(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_lt(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator<(probe const & p1, double p2) { return p1 < probe(p1.ctx(), p2); }
    inline probe operator<(double p1, probe const & p2) { return probe(p2.ctx(), p1) < p2; }
    inline probe operator>(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_gt(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator>(probe const & p1, double p2) { return p1 > probe(p1.ctx(), p2); }
    inline probe operator>(double p1, probe const & p2) { return probe(p2.ctx(), p1) > p2; }
    inline probe operator==(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_eq(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator==(probe const & p1, double p2) { return p1 == probe(p1.ctx(), p2); }
    inline probe operator==(double p1, probe const & p2) { return probe(p2.ctx(), p1) == p2; }
    inline probe operator&&(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_and(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator||(probe const & p1, probe const & p2) {
        check_context(p1, p2); Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_or(p1.ctx(), p1, p2); p1.check_error(); return probe(p1.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline probe operator!(probe const & p) {
        Z3_probe r = Z3_probe_not(p.ctx(), p); p.check_error(); return probe(p.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    class optimize : public object {
        Z3_optimize m_opt;
 
    public:
        struct translate {};
        class handle final {
            unsigned m_h;
        public:
            handle(unsigned h): m_h(h) {}
            unsigned h() const { return m_h; }
        };
        optimize(context& c):object(c) { m_opt = Z3_mk_optimize(c); Z3_optimize_inc_ref(c, m_opt); }
        optimize(context & c, optimize const& src, translate): object(c) { 
            Z3_optimize o = Z3_optimize_translate(src.ctx(), src, c); 
            check_error(); 
            m_opt = o; 
            Z3_optimize_inc_ref(c, m_opt); 
        }
        optimize(optimize const & o):object(o), m_opt(o.m_opt) {
            Z3_optimize_inc_ref(o.ctx(), o.m_opt);
        }
        optimize(context& c, optimize& src):object(c) {
            m_opt = Z3_mk_optimize(c); 
            Z3_optimize_inc_ref(c, m_opt);
            add(expr_vector(c, src.assertions()));
            expr_vector v(c, src.objectives());
            for (expr_vector::iterator it = v.begin(); it != v.end(); ++it) minimize(*it);
        }
        optimize& operator=(optimize const& o) {
            Z3_optimize_inc_ref(o.ctx(), o.m_opt);
            Z3_optimize_dec_ref(ctx(), m_opt);
            m_opt = o.m_opt;
            object::operator=(o);
            return *this;
        }
        ~optimize() override { Z3_optimize_dec_ref(ctx(), m_opt); }
        operator Z3_optimize() const { return m_opt; }
        void add(expr const& e) {
            assert(e.is_bool());
            Z3_optimize_assert(ctx(), m_opt, e);
        }
        void add(expr_vector const& es) {
            for (expr_vector::iterator it = es.begin(); it != es.end(); ++it) add(*it);
        }
        void add(expr const& e, expr const& t) {
            assert(e.is_bool());
            Z3_optimize_assert_and_track(ctx(), m_opt, e, t);
        }
        void add(expr const& e, char const* p) {
            assert(e.is_bool());
            add(e, ctx().bool_const(p));
        }
        handle add_soft(expr const& e, unsigned weight) {
            assert(e.is_bool());
            auto str = std::to_string(weight);
            return handle(Z3_optimize_assert_soft(ctx(), m_opt, e, str.c_str(), 0));
        }
        handle add_soft(expr const& e, char const* weight) {
            assert(e.is_bool());
            return handle(Z3_optimize_assert_soft(ctx(), m_opt, e, weight, 0));
        }
        handle add(expr const& e, unsigned weight) {
            return add_soft(e, weight);
        }
        void set_initial_value(expr const& var, expr const& value) {
            Z3_optimize_set_initial_value(ctx(), m_opt, var, value);
            check_error();
        }
        void set_initial_value(expr const& var, int i) {
            set_initial_value(var, ctx().num_val(i, var.get_sort()));
        }
        void set_initial_value(expr const& var, bool b) {
            set_initial_value(var, ctx().bool_val(b));            
        }
 
        handle maximize(expr const& e) {
            return handle(Z3_optimize_maximize(ctx(), m_opt, e));
        }
        handle minimize(expr const& e) {
            return handle(Z3_optimize_minimize(ctx(), m_opt, e));
        }
        void push() {
            Z3_optimize_push(ctx(), m_opt);
        }
        void pop() {
            Z3_optimize_pop(ctx(), m_opt);
        }
        check_result check() { Z3_lbool r = Z3_optimize_check(ctx(), m_opt, 0, 0); check_error(); return to_check_result(r); }
        check_result check(expr_vector const& asms) {
            unsigned n = asms.size();
            array<Z3_ast> _asms(n);
            for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                check_context(*this, asms[i]);
                _asms[i] = asms[i];
            }
            Z3_lbool r = Z3_optimize_check(ctx(), m_opt, n, _asms.ptr());
            check_error();
            return to_check_result(r);
        }
        model get_model() const { Z3_model m = Z3_optimize_get_model(ctx(), m_opt); check_error(); return model(ctx(), m); }
        expr_vector unsat_core() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_optimize_get_unsat_core(ctx(), m_opt); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        void set(params const & p) { Z3_optimize_set_params(ctx(), m_opt, p); check_error(); }
        expr lower(handle const& h) {
            Z3_ast r = Z3_optimize_get_lower(ctx(), m_opt, h.h());
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        expr upper(handle const& h) {
            Z3_ast r = Z3_optimize_get_upper(ctx(), m_opt, h.h());
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        expr_vector assertions() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_optimize_get_assertions(ctx(), m_opt); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        expr_vector objectives() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_optimize_get_objectives(ctx(), m_opt); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        stats statistics() const { Z3_stats r = Z3_optimize_get_statistics(ctx(), m_opt); check_error(); return stats(ctx(), r); }
        friend std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, optimize const & s);
        void from_file(char const* filename) { Z3_optimize_from_file(ctx(), m_opt, filename); check_error(); }
        void from_string(char const* constraints) { Z3_optimize_from_string(ctx(), m_opt, constraints); check_error(); }
        std::string help() const { char const * r = Z3_optimize_get_help(ctx(), m_opt); check_error();  return r; }
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, optimize const & s) { out << Z3_optimize_to_string(s.ctx(), s.m_opt); return out; }
 
    class fixedpoint : public object {
        Z3_fixedpoint m_fp;
    public:
        fixedpoint(context& c):object(c) { m_fp = Z3_mk_fixedpoint(c); Z3_fixedpoint_inc_ref(c, m_fp); }
        fixedpoint(fixedpoint const & o):object(o), m_fp(o.m_fp) { Z3_fixedpoint_inc_ref(ctx(), m_fp); }
        ~fixedpoint() override { Z3_fixedpoint_dec_ref(ctx(), m_fp); }
        fixedpoint & operator=(fixedpoint const & o) {
            Z3_fixedpoint_inc_ref(o.ctx(), o.m_fp);
            Z3_fixedpoint_dec_ref(ctx(), m_fp);
            m_fp = o.m_fp;
            object::operator=(o);
            return *this;
        }
        operator Z3_fixedpoint() const { return m_fp; }
        expr_vector from_string(char const* s) { 
            Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_fixedpoint_from_string(ctx(), m_fp, s); 
            check_error(); 
            return expr_vector(ctx(), r);
        }
        expr_vector from_file(char const* s) { 
            Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_fixedpoint_from_file(ctx(), m_fp, s); 
            check_error(); 
            return expr_vector(ctx(), r);
        }
        void add_rule(expr& rule, symbol const& name) { Z3_fixedpoint_add_rule(ctx(), m_fp, rule, name); check_error(); }
        void add_fact(func_decl& f, unsigned * args) { Z3_fixedpoint_add_fact(ctx(), m_fp, f, f.arity(), args); check_error(); }
        check_result query(expr& q) { Z3_lbool r = Z3_fixedpoint_query(ctx(), m_fp, q); check_error(); return to_check_result(r); }
        check_result query(func_decl_vector& relations) {
            array<Z3_func_decl> rs(relations);
            Z3_lbool r = Z3_fixedpoint_query_relations(ctx(), m_fp, rs.size(), rs.ptr());
            check_error();
            return to_check_result(r);
        }
        expr get_answer() { Z3_ast r = Z3_fixedpoint_get_answer(ctx(), m_fp); check_error(); return expr(ctx(), r); }
        std::string reason_unknown() { return Z3_fixedpoint_get_reason_unknown(ctx(), m_fp); }
        void update_rule(expr& rule, symbol const& name) { Z3_fixedpoint_update_rule(ctx(), m_fp, rule, name); check_error(); }
        unsigned get_num_levels(func_decl& p) { unsigned r = Z3_fixedpoint_get_num_levels(ctx(), m_fp, p); check_error(); return r; }
        expr get_cover_delta(int level, func_decl& p) {
            Z3_ast r = Z3_fixedpoint_get_cover_delta(ctx(), m_fp, level, p);
            check_error();
            return expr(ctx(), r);
        }
        void add_cover(int level, func_decl& p, expr& property) { Z3_fixedpoint_add_cover(ctx(), m_fp, level, p, property); check_error();  }
        stats statistics() const { Z3_stats r = Z3_fixedpoint_get_statistics(ctx(), m_fp); check_error(); return stats(ctx(), r); }
        void register_relation(func_decl& p) { Z3_fixedpoint_register_relation(ctx(), m_fp, p); }
        expr_vector assertions() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_fixedpoint_get_assertions(ctx(), m_fp); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        expr_vector rules() const { Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_fixedpoint_get_rules(ctx(), m_fp); check_error(); return expr_vector(ctx(), r); }
        void set(params const & p) { Z3_fixedpoint_set_params(ctx(), m_fp, p); check_error(); }
        std::string help() const { return Z3_fixedpoint_get_help(ctx(), m_fp); }
        param_descrs get_param_descrs() { return param_descrs(ctx(), Z3_fixedpoint_get_param_descrs(ctx(), m_fp)); }
        std::string to_string() { return Z3_fixedpoint_to_string(ctx(), m_fp, 0, 0); }
        std::string to_string(expr_vector const& queries) {
            array<Z3_ast> qs(queries);
            return Z3_fixedpoint_to_string(ctx(), m_fp, qs.size(), qs.ptr());
        }
    };
    inline std::ostream & operator<<(std::ostream & out, fixedpoint const & f) { return out << Z3_fixedpoint_to_string(f.ctx(), f, 0, 0); }
 
    inline tactic fail_if(probe const & p) {
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_fail_if(p.ctx(), p);
        p.check_error();
        return tactic(p.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline tactic when(probe const & p, tactic const & t) {
        check_context(p, t);
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_when(t.ctx(), p, t);
        t.check_error();
        return tactic(t.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline tactic cond(probe const & p, tactic const & t1, tactic const & t2) {
        check_context(p, t1); check_context(p, t2);
        Z3_tactic r = Z3_tactic_cond(t1.ctx(), p, t1, t2);
        t1.check_error();
        return tactic(t1.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline symbol context::str_symbol(char const * s) { Z3_symbol r = Z3_mk_string_symbol(m_ctx, s); check_error(); return symbol(*this, r); }
    inline symbol context::int_symbol(int n) { Z3_symbol r = Z3_mk_int_symbol(m_ctx, n); check_error(); return symbol(*this, r); }
 
    inline sort context::bool_sort() { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_bool_sort(m_ctx); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::int_sort() { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_int_sort(m_ctx); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::real_sort() { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_real_sort(m_ctx); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::bv_sort(unsigned sz) { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_bv_sort(m_ctx, sz); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::string_sort() { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_string_sort(m_ctx); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::char_sort() { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_char_sort(m_ctx); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::seq_sort(sort& s) { Z3_sort r = Z3_mk_seq_sort(m_ctx, s); check_error(); return sort(*this, r); }
    inline sort context::re_sort(sort& s) { Z3_sort r = Z3_mk_re_sort(m_ctx, s); check_error(); return sort(*this, r); }
    inline sort context::fpa_sort(unsigned ebits, unsigned sbits) { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_fpa_sort(m_ctx, ebits, sbits); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
 
    template<>
    inline sort context::fpa_sort<16>() { return fpa_sort(5, 11); }
 
    template<>
    inline sort context::fpa_sort<32>() { return fpa_sort(8, 24); }
 
    template<>
    inline sort context::fpa_sort<64>() { return fpa_sort(11, 53); }
 
    template<>
    inline sort context::fpa_sort<128>() { return fpa_sort(15, 113); }
 
    inline sort context::fpa_rounding_mode_sort() { Z3_sort r = Z3_mk_fpa_rounding_mode_sort(m_ctx); check_error(); return sort(*this, r); }
 
    inline sort context::array_sort(sort d, sort r) { Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_array_sort(m_ctx, d, r); check_error(); return sort(*this, s); }
    inline sort context::array_sort(sort_vector const& d, sort r) {
        array<Z3_sort> dom(d);
        Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_array_sort_n(m_ctx, dom.size(), dom.ptr(), r); check_error(); return sort(*this, s);
    }
    inline sort context::enumeration_sort(char const * name, unsigned n, char const * const * enum_names, func_decl_vector & cs, func_decl_vector & ts) {
        array<Z3_symbol> _enum_names(n);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; i++) { _enum_names[i] = Z3_mk_string_symbol(*this, enum_names[i]); }
        array<Z3_func_decl> _cs(n);
        array<Z3_func_decl> _ts(n);
        Z3_symbol _name = Z3_mk_string_symbol(*this, name);
        sort s = to_sort(*this, Z3_mk_enumeration_sort(*this, _name, n, _enum_names.ptr(), _cs.ptr(), _ts.ptr()));
        check_error();
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; i++) { cs.push_back(func_decl(*this, _cs[i])); ts.push_back(func_decl(*this, _ts[i])); }
        return s;
    }
    inline func_decl context::tuple_sort(char const * name, unsigned n, char const * const * names, sort const* sorts, func_decl_vector & projs) {
        array<Z3_symbol> _names(n);
        array<Z3_sort> _sorts(n);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; i++) { _names[i] = Z3_mk_string_symbol(*this, names[i]); _sorts[i] = sorts[i]; }
        array<Z3_func_decl> _projs(n);
        Z3_symbol _name = Z3_mk_string_symbol(*this, name);
        Z3_func_decl tuple;
        sort _ignore_s = to_sort(*this, Z3_mk_tuple_sort(*this, _name, n, _names.ptr(), _sorts.ptr(), &tuple, _projs.ptr()));
        check_error();
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; i++) { projs.push_back(func_decl(*this, _projs[i])); }
        return func_decl(*this, tuple);
    }
 
    class constructor_list {
        context& ctx;
        Z3_constructor_list clist;
    public:
        constructor_list(constructors const& cs);
        ~constructor_list() { Z3_del_constructor_list(ctx, clist); }
        operator Z3_constructor_list() const { return clist; }
    };
    
    class constructors {
        friend class constructor_list;
        context&       ctx;
        std::vector<Z3_constructor> cons;
        std::vector<unsigned> num_fields;
    public:
        constructors(context& ctx): ctx(ctx) {}
                
        ~constructors() {
            for (auto con : cons)
                Z3_del_constructor(ctx, con);           
        }
 
        void add(symbol const& name, symbol const& rec, unsigned n, symbol const* names, sort const* fields) {
            array<unsigned> sort_refs(n);
            array<Z3_sort> sorts(n);
            array<Z3_symbol> _names(n);            
            for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) sorts[i] = fields[i], _names[i] = names[i];
            cons.push_back(Z3_mk_constructor(ctx, name, rec, n, _names.ptr(), sorts.ptr(), sort_refs.ptr()));
            num_fields.push_back(n);
        }
 
        Z3_constructor operator[](unsigned i) const { return cons[i]; }
 
        unsigned size() const { return (unsigned)cons.size(); }
        
        void query(unsigned i, func_decl& constructor, func_decl& test, func_decl_vector& accs) {
            Z3_func_decl _constructor;
            Z3_func_decl _test;
            array<Z3_func_decl> accessors(num_fields[i]);
            accs.resize(0);
            Z3_query_constructor(ctx,
                                 cons[i],
                                 num_fields[i],
                                 &_constructor,
                                 &_test,
                                 accessors.ptr());
            constructor = func_decl(ctx, _constructor);
 
            test = func_decl(ctx, _test);
            for (unsigned j = 0; j < num_fields[i]; ++j)
                accs.push_back(func_decl(ctx, accessors[j]));
        }
    };
    
    inline constructor_list::constructor_list(constructors const& cs): ctx(cs.ctx) {
        array<Z3_constructor> cons(cs.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < cs.size(); ++i)
            cons[i] = cs[i];
        clist = Z3_mk_constructor_list(ctx, cs.size(), cons.ptr());
    }
 
    inline sort context::datatype(symbol const& name, constructors const& cs) {
        array<Z3_constructor> _cs(cs.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < cs.size(); ++i) _cs[i] = cs[i];
        Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_datatype(*this, name, cs.size(), _cs.ptr());
        check_error();
        return sort(*this, s);
    }
 
    inline sort context::datatype(symbol const &name, sort_vector const& params, constructors const &cs) {
        array<Z3_sort> _params(params);
        array<Z3_constructor> _cs(cs.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < cs.size(); ++i)
            _cs[i] = cs[i];
        Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_polymorphic_datatype(*this, name, _params.size(), _params.ptr(), cs.size(), _cs.ptr());
        check_error();
        return sort(*this, s);
    }
 
    inline sort_vector context::datatypes(
        unsigned n, symbol const* names,
        constructor_list *const* cons) {
        sort_vector result(*this);
        array<Z3_symbol> _names(n);
        array<Z3_sort> _sorts(n);
        array<Z3_constructor_list> _cons(n);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i)
            _names[i] = names[i], _cons[i] = *cons[i];
        Z3_mk_datatypes(*this, n, _names.ptr(), _sorts.ptr(), _cons.ptr());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i)
            result.push_back(sort(*this, _sorts[i]));
        return result;
    }
 
 
    inline sort context::datatype_sort(symbol const& name) {
        Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_datatype_sort(*this, name, 0, nullptr);
        check_error();
        return sort(*this, s);            
    }
 
    inline sort context::datatype_sort(symbol const& name, sort_vector const& params) {
        array<Z3_sort> _params(params);
        Z3_sort s = Z3_mk_datatype_sort(*this, name, _params.size(), _params.ptr());
        check_error();
        return sort(*this, s);            
    }
 
 
    inline sort context::uninterpreted_sort(char const* name) {
        Z3_symbol _name = Z3_mk_string_symbol(*this, name);
        return to_sort(*this, Z3_mk_uninterpreted_sort(*this, _name));
    }
    inline sort context::uninterpreted_sort(symbol const& name) {
        return to_sort(*this, Z3_mk_uninterpreted_sort(*this, name));
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::function(symbol const & name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        array<Z3_sort> args(arity);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < arity; i++) {
            check_context(domain[i], range);
            args[i] = domain[i];
        }
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, name, arity, args.ptr(), range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        return function(range.ctx().str_symbol(name), arity, domain, range);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::function(symbol const& name, sort_vector const& domain, sort const& range) {
        array<Z3_sort> args(domain.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < domain.size(); i++) {
            check_context(domain[i], range);
            args[i] = domain[i];
        }
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, name, domain.size(), args.ptr(), range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, sort_vector const& domain, sort const& range) {
        return function(range.ctx().str_symbol(name), domain, range);
    }
 
 
    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, sort const & domain, sort const & range) {
        check_context(domain, range);
        Z3_sort args[1] = { domain };
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, str_symbol(name), 1, args, range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & range) {
        check_context(d1, range); check_context(d2, range);
        Z3_sort args[2] = { d1, d2 };
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, str_symbol(name), 2, args, range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & range) {
        check_context(d1, range); check_context(d2, range); check_context(d3, range);
        Z3_sort args[3] = { d1, d2, d3 };
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, str_symbol(name), 3, args, range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & d4, sort const & range) {
        check_context(d1, range); check_context(d2, range); check_context(d3, range); check_context(d4, range);
        Z3_sort args[4] = { d1, d2, d3, d4 };
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, str_symbol(name), 4, args, range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & d4, sort const & d5, sort const & range) {
        check_context(d1, range); check_context(d2, range); check_context(d3, range); check_context(d4, range); check_context(d5, range);
        Z3_sort args[5] = { d1, d2, d3, d4, d5 };
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_func_decl(m_ctx, str_symbol(name), 5, args, range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::recfun(symbol const & name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        array<Z3_sort> args(arity);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < arity; i++) {
            check_context(domain[i], range);
            args[i] = domain[i];
        }
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_rec_func_decl(m_ctx, name, arity, args.ptr(), range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
 
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::recfun(symbol const & name, sort_vector const& domain, sort const & range) {
        check_context(domain, range);
        array<Z3_sort> domain1(domain);
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_mk_rec_func_decl(m_ctx, name, domain1.size(), domain1.ptr(), range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::recfun(char const * name, sort_vector const& domain, sort const & range) {
        return recfun(str_symbol(name), domain, range);
 
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::recfun(char const * name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        return recfun(str_symbol(name), arity, domain, range);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::recfun(char const * name, sort const& d1, sort const & range) {
        return recfun(str_symbol(name), 1, &d1, range);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::recfun(char const * name, sort const& d1, sort const& d2, sort const & range) {
        sort dom[2] = { d1, d2 };
        return recfun(str_symbol(name), 2, dom, range);
    }
 
    inline void context::recdef(func_decl f, expr_vector const& args, expr const& body) {
        check_context(f, args); check_context(f, body);
        array<Z3_ast> vars(args);
        Z3_add_rec_def(f.ctx(), f, vars.size(), vars.ptr(), body);
    }
 
    inline func_decl context::user_propagate_function(symbol const& name, sort_vector const& domain, sort const& range) {
        check_context(domain, range);
        array<Z3_sort> domain1(domain);
        Z3_func_decl f = Z3_solver_propagate_declare(range.ctx(), name, domain1.size(), domain1.ptr(), range);
        check_error();
        return func_decl(*this, f);
    }
 
    inline expr context::constant(symbol const & name, sort const & s) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_const(m_ctx, name, s);
        check_error();
        return expr(*this, r);
    }
    inline expr context::constant(char const * name, sort const & s) { return constant(str_symbol(name), s); }
    inline expr context::variable(unsigned idx, sort const& s) { 
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bound(m_ctx, idx, s);
        check_error();
        return expr(*this, r);
    }
    inline expr context::bool_const(char const * name) { return constant(name, bool_sort()); }
    inline expr context::int_const(char const * name) { return constant(name, int_sort()); }
    inline expr context::real_const(char const * name) { return constant(name, real_sort()); }
    inline expr context::string_const(char const * name) { return constant(name, string_sort()); }
    inline expr context::bv_const(char const * name, unsigned sz) { return constant(name, bv_sort(sz)); }
    inline expr context::fpa_const(char const * name, unsigned ebits, unsigned sbits) { return constant(name, fpa_sort(ebits, sbits)); }
 
    template<size_t precision>
    inline expr context::fpa_const(char const * name) { return constant(name, fpa_sort<precision>()); }
 
    inline void context::set_rounding_mode(rounding_mode rm) { m_rounding_mode = rm; }
 
    inline expr context::fpa_rounding_mode() {
        switch (m_rounding_mode) {
        case RNA: return expr(*this, Z3_mk_fpa_rna(m_ctx));
        case RNE: return expr(*this, Z3_mk_fpa_rne(m_ctx));
        case RTP: return expr(*this, Z3_mk_fpa_rtp(m_ctx));
        case RTN: return expr(*this, Z3_mk_fpa_rtn(m_ctx));
        case RTZ: return expr(*this, Z3_mk_fpa_rtz(m_ctx));
        default: return expr(*this);
        }
    }
 
    inline expr context::bool_val(bool b) { return b ? expr(*this, Z3_mk_true(m_ctx)) : expr(*this, Z3_mk_false(m_ctx)); }
 
    inline expr context::int_val(int n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int(m_ctx, n, int_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::int_val(unsigned n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_unsigned_int(m_ctx, n, int_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::int_val(int64_t n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int64(m_ctx, n, int_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::int_val(uint64_t n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_unsigned_int64(m_ctx, n, int_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::int_val(char const * n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_numeral(m_ctx, n, int_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
 
    inline expr context::real_val(int64_t n, int64_t d) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_real_int64(m_ctx, n, d); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::real_val(int n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int(m_ctx, n, real_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::real_val(unsigned n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_unsigned_int(m_ctx, n, real_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::real_val(int64_t n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int64(m_ctx, n, real_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::real_val(uint64_t n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_unsigned_int64(m_ctx, n, real_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::real_val(char const * n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_numeral(m_ctx, n, real_sort()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
 
    inline expr context::bv_val(int n, unsigned sz) { sort s = bv_sort(sz); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int(m_ctx, n, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::bv_val(unsigned n, unsigned sz) { sort s = bv_sort(sz); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_unsigned_int(m_ctx, n, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::bv_val(int64_t n, unsigned sz) { sort s = bv_sort(sz); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int64(m_ctx, n, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::bv_val(uint64_t n, unsigned sz) { sort s = bv_sort(sz); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_unsigned_int64(m_ctx, n, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::bv_val(char const * n, unsigned sz) { sort s = bv_sort(sz); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_numeral(m_ctx, n, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::bv_val(unsigned n, bool const* bits) {
        array<bool> _bits(n);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) _bits[i] = bits[i] ? 1 : 0;
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_bv_numeral(m_ctx, n, _bits.ptr()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r);
    }
 
    inline expr context::fpa_val(double n) { sort s = fpa_sort<64>(); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_numeral_double(m_ctx, n, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::fpa_val(float n) { sort s = fpa_sort<32>(); Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_numeral_float(m_ctx, n, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::fpa_nan(sort const & s) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_nan(m_ctx, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::fpa_inf(sort const & s, bool sgn) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_fpa_inf(m_ctx, s, sgn); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
 
    inline expr context::string_val(char const* s, unsigned n) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_lstring(m_ctx, n, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::string_val(char const* s) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_string(m_ctx, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::string_val(std::string const& s) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_string(m_ctx, s.c_str()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
    inline expr context::string_val(std::u32string const& s) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_u32string(m_ctx, (unsigned)s.size(), (unsigned const*)s.c_str()); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
 
    inline expr context::num_val(int n, sort const & s) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int(m_ctx, n, s); check_error(); return expr(*this, r); }
 
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(unsigned n, expr const * args) const {
        array<Z3_ast> _args(n);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; i++) {
            check_context(*this, args[i]);
            _args[i] = args[i];
        }
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, n, _args.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
 
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr_vector const& args) const {
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < args.size(); i++) {
            check_context(*this, args[i]);
            _args[i] = args[i];
        }
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, args.size(), _args.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()() const {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 0, 0);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr const & a) const {
        check_context(*this, a);
        Z3_ast args[1] = { a };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 1, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(int a) const {
        Z3_ast args[1] = { ctx().num_val(a, domain(0)) };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 1, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr const & a1, expr const & a2) const {
        check_context(*this, a1); check_context(*this, a2);
        Z3_ast args[2] = { a1, a2 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 2, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr const & a1, int a2) const {
        check_context(*this, a1);
        Z3_ast args[2] = { a1, ctx().num_val(a2, domain(1)) };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 2, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(int a1, expr const & a2) const {
        check_context(*this, a2);
        Z3_ast args[2] = { ctx().num_val(a1, domain(0)), a2 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 2, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr const & a1, expr const & a2, expr const & a3) const {
        check_context(*this, a1); check_context(*this, a2); check_context(*this, a3);
        Z3_ast args[3] = { a1, a2, a3 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 3, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr const & a1, expr const & a2, expr const & a3, expr const & a4) const {
        check_context(*this, a1); check_context(*this, a2); check_context(*this, a3); check_context(*this, a4);
        Z3_ast args[4] = { a1, a2, a3, a4 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 4, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr func_decl::operator()(expr const & a1, expr const & a2, expr const & a3, expr const & a4, expr const & a5) const {
        check_context(*this, a1); check_context(*this, a2); check_context(*this, a3); check_context(*this, a4); check_context(*this, a5);
        Z3_ast args[5] = { a1, a2, a3, a4, a5 };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_app(ctx(), *this, 5, args);
        ctx().check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr to_real(expr const & a) { Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_int2real(a.ctx(), a); a.check_error(); return expr(a.ctx(), r); }
 
    inline func_decl function(symbol const & name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, arity, domain, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const * name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, arity, domain, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & domain, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, domain, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, d1, d2, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, d1, d2, d3, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & d4, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, d1, d2, d3, d4, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const * name, sort const & d1, sort const & d2, sort const & d3, sort const & d4, sort const & d5, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, d1, d2, d3, d4, d5, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(char const* name, sort_vector const& domain, sort const& range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name, domain, range);
    }
    inline func_decl function(std::string const& name, sort_vector const& domain, sort const& range) {
        return range.ctx().function(name.c_str(), domain, range);
    }
 
    inline func_decl recfun(symbol const & name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().recfun(name, arity, domain, range);
    }
    inline func_decl recfun(char const * name, unsigned arity, sort const * domain, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().recfun(name, arity, domain, range);
    }
    inline func_decl recfun(char const * name, sort const& d1, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().recfun(name, d1, range);
    }
    inline func_decl recfun(char const * name, sort const& d1, sort const& d2, sort const & range) {
        return range.ctx().recfun(name, d1, d2, range);
    }
 
    inline expr select(expr const & a, expr const & i) {
        check_context(a, i);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_select(a.ctx(), a, i);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr select(expr const & a, int i) {
        return select(a, a.ctx().num_val(i, a.get_sort().array_domain()));
    }
    inline expr select(expr const & a, expr_vector const & i) {
        check_context(a, i);
        array<Z3_ast> idxs(i);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_select_n(a.ctx(), a, idxs.size(), idxs.ptr());
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr store(expr const & a, expr const & i, expr const & v) {
        check_context(a, i); check_context(a, v);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_store(a.ctx(), a, i, v);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr store(expr const & a, int i, expr const & v) { return store(a, a.ctx().num_val(i, a.get_sort().array_domain()), v); }
    inline expr store(expr const & a, expr i, int v) { return store(a, i, a.ctx().num_val(v, a.get_sort().array_range())); }
    inline expr store(expr const & a, int i, int v) {
        return store(a, a.ctx().num_val(i, a.get_sort().array_domain()), a.ctx().num_val(v, a.get_sort().array_range()));
    }
    inline expr store(expr const & a, expr_vector const & i, expr const & v) {
        check_context(a, i); check_context(a, v);
        array<Z3_ast> idxs(i);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_store_n(a.ctx(), a, idxs.size(), idxs.ptr(), v);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr as_array(func_decl & f) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_as_array(f.ctx(), f);
        f.check_error();
        return expr(f.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr array_default(expr const & a) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_array_default(a.ctx(), a);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr array_ext(expr const & a, expr const & b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_array_ext(a.ctx(), a, b);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
#define MK_EXPR1(_fn, _arg)                     \
    Z3_ast r = _fn(_arg.ctx(), _arg);           \
    _arg.check_error();                         \
    return expr(_arg.ctx(), r);
 
#define MK_EXPR2(_fn, _arg1, _arg2)             \
    check_context(_arg1, _arg2);                \
    Z3_ast r = _fn(_arg1.ctx(), _arg1, _arg2);  \
    _arg1.check_error();                        \
    return expr(_arg1.ctx(), r);
 
    inline expr const_array(sort const & d, expr const & v) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_const_array, d, v);
    }
 
    inline expr empty_set(sort const& s) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_empty_set, s);
    }
 
    inline expr full_set(sort const& s) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_full_set, s);
    }
 
    inline expr set_add(expr const& s, expr const& e) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_set_add, s, e);
    }
 
    inline expr set_del(expr const& s, expr const& e) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_set_del, s, e);
    }
 
    inline expr set_union(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast es[2] = { a, b };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_set_union(a.ctx(), 2, es);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr set_intersect(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast es[2] = { a, b };
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_set_intersect(a.ctx(), 2, es);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr set_difference(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_set_difference, a, b);
    }
 
    inline expr set_complement(expr const& a) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_set_complement, a);
    }
 
    inline expr set_member(expr const& s, expr const& e) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_set_member, s, e);
    }
 
    inline expr set_subset(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_set_subset, a, b);
    }
 
    // sequence and regular expression operations.
    // union is +
    // concat is overloaded to handle sequences and regular expressions
 
    inline expr empty(sort const& s) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_empty(s.ctx(), s);
        s.check_error();
        return expr(s.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr suffixof(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_suffix(a.ctx(), a, b);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr prefixof(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_prefix(a.ctx(), a, b);
        a.check_error();
        return expr(a.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr indexof(expr const& s, expr const& substr, expr const& offset) {
        check_context(s, substr); check_context(s, offset);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_index(s.ctx(), s, substr, offset);
        s.check_error();
        return expr(s.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr last_indexof(expr const& s, expr const& substr) {
        check_context(s, substr); 
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_seq_last_index(s.ctx(), s, substr);
        s.check_error();
        return expr(s.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr to_re(expr const& s) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_seq_to_re, s);
    }
    inline expr in_re(expr const& s, expr const& re) {
        MK_EXPR2(Z3_mk_seq_in_re, s, re);
    }
    inline expr plus(expr const& re) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_re_plus, re);
    }
    inline expr option(expr const& re) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_re_option, re);
    }
    inline expr star(expr const& re) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_re_star, re);
    }
    inline expr re_empty(sort const& s) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_re_empty(s.ctx(), s);
        s.check_error();
        return expr(s.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr re_full(sort const& s) {
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_re_full(s.ctx(), s);
        s.check_error();
        return expr(s.ctx(), r);
    }
    inline expr re_intersect(expr_vector const& args) {
        assert(args.size() > 0);
        context& ctx = args[0u].ctx();
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_re_intersect(ctx, _args.size(), _args.ptr());
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
    inline expr re_diff(expr const& a, expr const& b) {
        check_context(a, b);
        context& ctx = a.ctx();
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_re_diff(ctx, a, b);
        ctx.check_error();
        return expr(ctx, r);
    }
    inline expr re_complement(expr const& a) {
        MK_EXPR1(Z3_mk_re_complement, a);
    }
    inline expr range(expr const& lo, expr const& hi) {
        check_context(lo, hi);
        Z3_ast r = Z3_mk_re_range(lo.ctx(), lo, hi);
        lo.check_error();
        return expr(lo.ctx(), r);
    }
 
 
 
 
 
    inline expr_vector context::parse_string(char const* s) {
        Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_parse_smtlib2_string(*this, s, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
        check_error();
        return expr_vector(*this, r);
 
    }
    inline expr_vector context::parse_file(char const* s) {
        Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_parse_smtlib2_file(*this, s, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0);
        check_error();
        return expr_vector(*this, r);
    }
 
    inline expr_vector context::parse_string(char const* s, sort_vector const& sorts, func_decl_vector const& decls) {
        array<Z3_symbol> sort_names(sorts.size());
        array<Z3_symbol> decl_names(decls.size());
        array<Z3_sort>   sorts1(sorts);
        array<Z3_func_decl> decls1(decls);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < sorts.size(); ++i) {
            sort_names[i] = sorts[i].name();
        }
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < decls.size(); ++i) {
            decl_names[i] = decls[i].name();
        }
 
        Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_parse_smtlib2_string(*this, s, sorts.size(), sort_names.ptr(), sorts1.ptr(), decls.size(), decl_names.ptr(), decls1.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr_vector(*this, r);
    }
 
    inline expr_vector context::parse_file(char const* s, sort_vector const& sorts, func_decl_vector const& decls) {
        array<Z3_symbol> sort_names(sorts.size());
        array<Z3_symbol> decl_names(decls.size());
        array<Z3_sort>   sorts1(sorts);
        array<Z3_func_decl> decls1(decls);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < sorts.size(); ++i) {
            sort_names[i] = sorts[i].name();
        }
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < decls.size(); ++i) {
            decl_names[i] = decls[i].name();
        }
        Z3_ast_vector r = Z3_parse_smtlib2_file(*this, s, sorts.size(), sort_names.ptr(), sorts1.ptr(), decls.size(), decl_names.ptr(), decls1.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr_vector(*this, r);
    }
 
    inline func_decl_vector sort::constructors() {
        assert(is_datatype()); 
        func_decl_vector cs(ctx());
        unsigned n = Z3_get_datatype_sort_num_constructors(ctx(), *this);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) 
            cs.push_back(func_decl(ctx(), Z3_get_datatype_sort_constructor(ctx(), *this, i)));
        return cs;
    }
 
    inline func_decl_vector sort::recognizers() {
        assert(is_datatype()); 
        func_decl_vector rs(ctx());
        unsigned n = Z3_get_datatype_sort_num_constructors(ctx(), *this);
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) 
            rs.push_back(func_decl(ctx(), Z3_get_datatype_sort_recognizer(ctx(), *this, i)));
        return rs;
    }
 
    inline func_decl_vector func_decl::accessors() {
        sort s = range();
        assert(s.is_datatype());
        unsigned n = Z3_get_datatype_sort_num_constructors(ctx(), s);
        unsigned idx = 0;
        for (; idx < n; ++idx) {
            func_decl f(ctx(), Z3_get_datatype_sort_constructor(ctx(), s, idx));
            if (id() == f.id())
                break;
        }
        assert(idx < n);
        n = arity();
        func_decl_vector as(ctx());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i) 
            as.push_back(func_decl(ctx(), Z3_get_datatype_sort_constructor_accessor(ctx(), s, idx, i)));
        return as;
    }
 
 
    inline expr expr::substitute(expr_vector const& src, expr_vector const& dst) {
        assert(src.size() == dst.size());
        array<Z3_ast> _src(src.size());
        array<Z3_ast> _dst(dst.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < src.size(); ++i) {
            _src[i] = src[i];
            _dst[i] = dst[i];
        }
        Z3_ast r = Z3_substitute(ctx(), m_ast, src.size(), _src.ptr(), _dst.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr expr::substitute(expr_vector const& dst) {
        array<Z3_ast> _dst(dst.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < dst.size(); ++i) {
            _dst[i] = dst[i];
        }
        Z3_ast r = Z3_substitute_vars(ctx(), m_ast, dst.size(), _dst.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr expr::substitute(func_decl_vector const& funs, expr_vector const& dst) {
        array<Z3_ast> _dst(dst.size());
        array<Z3_func_decl> _funs(funs.size());
        if (dst.size() != funs.size()) {
            Z3_THROW(exception("length of argument lists don't align"));
            return expr(ctx(), nullptr);
        }
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < dst.size(); ++i) {
            _dst[i] = dst[i];
            _funs[i] = funs[i];
        }
        Z3_ast r = Z3_substitute_funs(ctx(), m_ast, dst.size(), _funs.ptr(), _dst.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
 
    inline expr expr::update(expr_vector const& args) const {
        array<Z3_ast> _args(args.size());
        for (unsigned i = 0; i < args.size(); ++i) {
            _args[i] = args[i];
        }
        Z3_ast r = Z3_update_term(ctx(), m_ast, args.size(), _args.ptr());
        check_error();
        return expr(ctx(), r);
    }
 
    typedef std::function<void(expr const& proof, std::vector<unsigned> const& deps, expr_vector const& clause)> on_clause_eh_t;
 
    class on_clause {
        context& c;
        on_clause_eh_t m_on_clause;
 
        static void _on_clause_eh(void* _ctx, Z3_ast _proof, unsigned n, unsigned const* dep, Z3_ast_vector _literals) {
            on_clause* ctx = static_cast<on_clause*>(_ctx);
            expr_vector lits(ctx->c, _literals);
            expr proof(ctx->c, _proof);
            std::vector<unsigned> deps;
            for (unsigned i = 0; i < n; ++i)
                deps.push_back(dep[i]);
            ctx->m_on_clause(proof, deps, lits);
        }
    public:
        on_clause(solver& s, on_clause_eh_t& on_clause_eh): c(s.ctx()) {
            m_on_clause = on_clause_eh;
            Z3_solver_register_on_clause(c, s, this, _on_clause_eh);
            c.check_error();
        }        
    };
 
    class user_propagator_base {
 
        typedef std::function<void(expr const&, expr const&)> fixed_eh_t;
        typedef std::function<void(void)> final_eh_t;
        typedef std::function<void(expr const&, expr const&)> eq_eh_t;
        typedef std::function<void(expr const&)> created_eh_t;
        typedef std::function<void(expr, unsigned, bool)> decide_eh_t;
        typedef std::function<bool(expr const&, expr const&)> on_binding_eh_t;
 
        final_eh_t m_final_eh;
        eq_eh_t    m_eq_eh;
        fixed_eh_t m_fixed_eh;
        created_eh_t m_created_eh;
        decide_eh_t m_decide_eh;
        on_binding_eh_t m_on_binding_eh;
        solver*    s;
        context*   c;
        std::vector<z3::context*> subcontexts;
 
        unsigned   m_callbackNesting = 0;
        Z3_solver_callback cb { nullptr };
 
        struct scoped_cb {
            user_propagator_base& p;
            scoped_cb(void* _p, Z3_solver_callback cb):p(*static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p)) {
                p.cb = cb;
                p.m_callbackNesting++;
            }
            ~scoped_cb() {
                if (--p.m_callbackNesting == 0)
                    p.cb = nullptr;
            }
        };
 
        static void push_eh(void* _p, Z3_solver_callback cb) {
            user_propagator_base* p = static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p);
            scoped_cb _cb(p, cb);
            static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(p)->push();
        }
 
        static void pop_eh(void* _p, Z3_solver_callback cb, unsigned num_scopes) {
            user_propagator_base* p = static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p);
            scoped_cb _cb(p, cb);
            static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p)->pop(num_scopes);
        }
 
        static void* fresh_eh(void* _p, Z3_context ctx) {
            user_propagator_base* p = static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p);
            context* c = new context(ctx);
            p->subcontexts.push_back(c);
            return p->fresh(*c);
        }
 
        static void fixed_eh(void* _p, Z3_solver_callback cb, Z3_ast _var, Z3_ast _value) {
            user_propagator_base* p = static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p);
            scoped_cb _cb(p, cb);
            expr value(p->ctx(), _value);
            expr var(p->ctx(), _var);
            p->m_fixed_eh(var, value);
        }
 
        static void eq_eh(void* _p, Z3_solver_callback cb, Z3_ast _x, Z3_ast _y) {
            user_propagator_base* p = static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p);
            scoped_cb _cb(p, cb);
            expr x(p->ctx(), _x), y(p->ctx(), _y);
            p->m_eq_eh(x, y);
        }
 
        static void final_eh(void* p, Z3_solver_callback cb) {
            scoped_cb _cb(p, cb);
            static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(p)->m_final_eh(); 
        }
 
        static void created_eh(void* _p, Z3_solver_callback cb, Z3_ast _e) {
            user_propagator_base* p = static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p);
            scoped_cb _cb(p, cb);
            expr e(p->ctx(), _e);
            p->m_created_eh(e);
        }
        
        static void decide_eh(void* _p, Z3_solver_callback cb, Z3_ast _val, unsigned bit, bool is_pos) {
            user_propagator_base* p = static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p);
            scoped_cb _cb(p, cb);
            expr val(p->ctx(), _val);
            p->m_decide_eh(val, bit, is_pos);
        }
 
        static bool on_binding_eh(void* _p, Z3_solver_callback cb, Z3_ast _q, Z3_ast _inst) {
            user_propagator_base* p = static_cast<user_propagator_base*>(_p);
            scoped_cb _cb(p, cb);
            expr q(p->ctx(), _q), inst(p->ctx(), _inst);
            return p->m_on_binding_eh(q, inst);
        }
        
    public:
        user_propagator_base(context& c) : s(nullptr), c(&c) {}
        
        user_propagator_base(solver* s): s(s), c(nullptr) {
            Z3_solver_propagate_init(ctx(), *s, this, push_eh, pop_eh, fresh_eh);
        }
 
        virtual void push() = 0;
        virtual void pop(unsigned num_scopes) = 0;
 
        virtual ~user_propagator_base() {
            for (auto& subcontext : subcontexts) {
                subcontext->detach(); // detach first; the subcontexts will be freed internally!
                delete subcontext;
            }
        }
 
        context& ctx() {
            return c ? *c : s->ctx();
        }
 
        virtual user_propagator_base* fresh(context& ctx) = 0;
 
        void register_fixed(fixed_eh_t& f) {
            m_fixed_eh = f;
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_fixed(ctx(), *s, fixed_eh);
            }
        }
 
        void register_fixed() {
            m_fixed_eh = [this](expr const &id, expr const &e) {
                fixed(id, e);
            };
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_fixed(ctx(), *s, fixed_eh);
            }
        }
 
        void register_eq(eq_eh_t& f) {
            m_eq_eh = f;
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_eq(ctx(), *s, eq_eh);
            }
        }
 
        void register_eq() {
            m_eq_eh = [this](expr const& x, expr const& y) {
                eq(x, y);
            };
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_eq(ctx(), *s, eq_eh);
            }
        }
 
        void register_final(final_eh_t& f) {
            m_final_eh = f;
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_final(ctx(), *s, final_eh);
            }
        }
 
        void register_final() {
            m_final_eh = [this]() {
                final();
            };
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_final(ctx(), *s, final_eh);
            }
        }
 
        void register_created(created_eh_t& c) {
            m_created_eh = c;
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_created(ctx(), *s, created_eh);
            }
        }
 
        void register_created() {
            m_created_eh = [this](expr const& e) {
                created(e);
            };
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_created(ctx(), *s, created_eh);
            }
        }
        
        void register_decide(decide_eh_t& c) {
            m_decide_eh = c;
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_decide(ctx(), *s, decide_eh);
            }
        }
 
        void register_decide() {
            m_decide_eh = [this](expr val, unsigned bit, bool is_pos) {
                decide(val, bit, is_pos);
            };
            if (s) {
                Z3_solver_propagate_decide(ctx(), *s, decide_eh);
            }
        }
 
        void register_on_binding() {
            m_on_binding_eh = [this](expr const& q, expr const& inst) {
                return on_binding(q, inst);
            };
            if (s) 
                Z3_solver_propagate_on_binding(ctx(), *s, on_binding_eh);
        }
 
        virtual void fixed(expr const& /*id*/, expr const& /*e*/) { }
 
        virtual void eq(expr const& /*x*/, expr const& /*y*/) { }
 
        virtual void final() { }
 
        virtual void created(expr const& /*e*/) {}
        
        virtual void decide(expr const& /*val*/, unsigned /*bit*/, bool /*is_pos*/) {}
 
        virtual bool on_binding(expr const& /*q*/, expr const& /*inst*/) { return true; }
 
        bool next_split(expr const& e, unsigned idx, Z3_lbool phase) {
            assert(cb);
            return Z3_solver_next_split(ctx(), cb, e, idx, phase);
        }
 
        void add(expr const& e) {
            if (cb)
                Z3_solver_propagate_register_cb(ctx(), cb, e);
            else if (s)
                Z3_solver_propagate_register(ctx(), *s, e);
            else
                assert(false);
        }
 
        void conflict(expr_vector const& fixed) {
            assert(cb);
            expr conseq = ctx().bool_val(false);
            array<Z3_ast> _fixed(fixed);
            Z3_solver_propagate_consequence(ctx(), cb, fixed.size(), _fixed.ptr(), 0, nullptr, nullptr, conseq);
        }
 
        void conflict(expr_vector const& fixed, expr_vector const& lhs, expr_vector const& rhs) {
            assert(cb);
            assert(lhs.size() == rhs.size());
            expr conseq = ctx().bool_val(false);
            array<Z3_ast> _fixed(fixed);
            array<Z3_ast> _lhs(lhs);
            array<Z3_ast> _rhs(rhs);
            Z3_solver_propagate_consequence(ctx(), cb, fixed.size(), _fixed.ptr(), lhs.size(), _lhs.ptr(), _rhs.ptr(), conseq);
        }
 
        bool propagate(expr_vector const& fixed, expr const& conseq) {
            assert(cb);
            assert((Z3_context)conseq.ctx() == (Z3_context)ctx());
            array<Z3_ast> _fixed(fixed);
            return Z3_solver_propagate_consequence(ctx(), cb, _fixed.size(), _fixed.ptr(), 0, nullptr, nullptr, conseq);
        }
 
        bool propagate(expr_vector const& fixed,
                       expr_vector const& lhs, expr_vector const& rhs,
                       expr const& conseq) {
            assert(cb);
            assert((Z3_context)conseq.ctx() == (Z3_context)ctx());
            assert(lhs.size() == rhs.size());
            array<Z3_ast> _fixed(fixed);
            array<Z3_ast> _lhs(lhs);
            array<Z3_ast> _rhs(rhs);
            
            return Z3_solver_propagate_consequence(ctx(), cb, _fixed.size(), _fixed.ptr(), lhs.size(), _lhs.ptr(), _rhs.ptr(), conseq);
        }
    };
 
}
 
#undef Z3_THROW
 

_Z3_MK_UN_

#define _Z3_MK_UN_	(		a,
			mkun
	)

Value:

    Z3_ast r = mkun(a.ctx(), a);                \
    a.check_error();                            \
    return expr(a.ctx(), r);                    \

Definition at line 1726 of file z3++.h.

MK_EXPR1

#define MK_EXPR1	(		_fn,
			_arg
	)

Value:

    Z3_ast r = _fn(_arg.ctx(), _arg);           \
    _arg.check_error();                         \
    return expr(_arg.ctx(), r);

Definition at line 4154 of file z3++.h.

MK_EXPR2

#define MK_EXPR2	(		_fn,
			_arg1,
			_arg2
	)

Value:

    check_context(_arg1, _arg2);                \
    Z3_ast r = _fn(_arg1.ctx(), _arg1, _arg2);  \
    _arg1.check_error();                        \
    return expr(_arg1.ctx(), r);

Definition at line 4159 of file z3++.h.

Z3_THROW

#define Z3_THROW

(

x

)

{}

Definition at line 133 of file z3++.h.